Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321962751
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 7, Problem 10TYU
Summary Introduction
To explain:
How the use of DNP causes weight loss and death.
Concept introduction:
DNP stand for dinitrophenol. It is a chemical associated with weight loss as it increases the basal
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Which of the following statements concerning the complete oxidation of FADH2 in the electron transport chain is NOT true?
a.
In the final step, electrons from cytochrome c to O2 reducing it to H2O in complex IV, and four protons are transported from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
b.
In the first step, electrons from FADH2 are transferred in complex II to ubiquinone, which does not transport any proton across the inner mitochondrion membrane.
c.
In the second step, complex III transfers the electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c, and four protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
d.
The complete oxidation of FADH2 causes transfer of 6 protons and yields two ATP.
In the lab, metabolic poisons can be used to study ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption. Many of these poisons have - or
have had - other uses, from diet aids to animal poisons to antibiotics.
Poison
oligomycin
cyanide
trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone
(FCCP)
rotenone
bongkrekic acid
Action
binds to Fo and blocks the proton channel
inhibits cytochrome oxidase by reacting with heme a3
increases membrane proton permeability
blocks electron transfer at NADH dehydrogenase
(NAD-Q oxidoreductase)
binds to inward-facing site of ATP-ADP translocase
Classify the metabolic poisons as electron transport inhibitors, uncoupling agents, ATP synthase inhibitors, or
transport inhibitors.
Electron
transport inhibitors
Uncoupling agents,
ionophores
ATP synthase inhibitors
Transport inhibitors
rotenone
oligomycin
cyanide
bongkrekic acid
FCCP
Explain from a chemical stand point why ATP has a high phosphoryl-transfer potential. Make sure to
compare ATP with its hydrolysis products, ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 7.1 - Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic...Ch. 7.1 - Name and describe the two ways in which ATP is...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 7.2 - During step 6 in Figure 7.9, which molecule acts...Ch. 7.3 - Name the molecules that conserve most of the...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Membranes must be fluid to...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 7.5 - WHAT IF? A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an...Ch. 7.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the structure of a fat...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.6 - WHAT IF? During intense exercise, can a muscle...Ch. 7 - The immediate energy source that drives ATP...Ch. 7 - Which metabolic pathway is common to both...Ch. 7 - In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions A. are...Ch. 7 - The final electron acceptor of the electron...Ch. 7 - What is the oxidizing agent in the following...Ch. 7 - When electrons flow along the electron transport...Ch. 7 - Most co, from catabolism is released during A....Ch. 7 - DRAW IT The graph here shows the pH difference...Ch. 7 - INTERPRET THE DATA Phosphofructokinase is an...Ch. 7 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 7 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION ATP synthases are found in the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 7 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler" that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight-loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do you think this might be an effective weight-loss drug?arrow_forwardFigure 4.15 Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What affect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis? Figure 4.15 (a) The electron transport chain is a set of molecules that supports a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. (b) ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses an H+ gradient to regenerate ATP from ADP. (c) Chemiosmosis relies on the potential energy provided by the H+ gradient across the membrane.arrow_forwardImage shows reaction for hydrogen ion transport from outside mitochondrion to inside mitochondrion. Part a) What is ∆G ̊ for hydrogen ion transport. Part b) Outside the mitochondria there is a pH of 6.4 and inside mitochondria, there is a pH of 7.4. Calculate Q and ∆G for the reaction shown in the image. Part c) How many hydrogen ions needed per one ATP?arrow_forward
- Two biochemistry students are about to usemitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specifyaddition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reactionmixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does thesource not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forwardElectron transfer translocates protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the external medium, establishing a pH gradient across the inner membrane (outside more acidic than inside). The tendency of protons to diffuse back into the matrix is the driving force for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. During oxidative phosphorylation by a suspension of mitochondria in a medium of pH 7.3, the pH of the matrix has been measured as 7.6. (a) Calculate [H+] in the external medium and in the matrix under these conditions. (b) What is the outside-to-inside ratio of [H+]? Comment on the energy inherent in this concentration difference (just the energy from the concentration gradient, not the electrochemical potential). Assume this a mammalian system, so the temperature is constant at 37oC). (c) Calculate the number of free protons in a respiring liver mitochondrion, assuming its inner matrix compartment is a sphere of diameter 1.6 microns. (volume of a sphere is 4/3 pi r3 )arrow_forwardThe proton channel of ATP synthase consists of: 8–14 pairs of α helices. 8–14 a subunits. 7 α helices. 8–14 α helices. 8–14 half-channels.arrow_forward
- The difference in pH across the mitochondrial inner membrane is 1.4 pH units. (Where is the pH higher in or out?) If the membrane potential is 0.06V (inside negative), how much free energy is released when 1 mol of protons move into the mitochondrial matrix? How many ATP can be synthesized, use standard free energies to do the calculation.arrow_forwardTriose phosphate isomerase is a diffusion-controlled enzyme. What reaction is catalyzed by this enzyme (structures of molecules not needed)? Explain why this enzyme has evolved to be a very fast enzymearrow_forwardProvide the reaction equations that illustrate the synthesis of ROS from electrons leaking from electron transport complexesarrow_forward
- about ATP synthase [Cellular Respiration] Which of the following interactions provides the mechanical energy needed to promote ATP production? Non-polar interaction Salt bridge formation Polar interaction : Attractive Polar interaction : Repulsivearrow_forwardATP is synthesized from ADP, P, and a proton on the matrix side of the in- ner mitochondrial membrane. We will refer to the matrix side as the "inside" of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). (a) H* transport from the outside of the IMM into the matrix drives this process. The pH inside the matrix is 8.2, and the outside is more acidic by 0.8 pH units. Assuming the IMM membrane potential is 168 mV (inside negative), calculate AG for the transport of 1 mol of H* across the IMM into the matrix at 37 °C: Houtside) Hinside) (b) Assume three mol H* must be translocated to synthesize one mol ATP by coupling of the following reactions: ADP + P, + Hinskde) ATP + H,O(ATP synthesis) 3Hinside)(proton transport) 3Houtside)arrow_forwardGlucose is able to cross the cell membrane with relatively little difficulty while both amylose and glucose 1,6 disulfate often remain inside the cell. Based on membrane transport, explain why this may be the case. Include differences between glucose and amylase and glucose 1,6 disulfate molecules in your explanation.arrow_forward
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