Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing temperature increases reaction rate” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: According to Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium of the reaction shift towards the side that involves absorption of heat when the temperature is increased. The kinetic energy of molecules increases on increasing the temperature. It results in the faster rate of the reaction.
(b)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “If a reaction is fast, it has a large rate constant” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The rate constant is represented by
(c)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “A fast reaction has a large negative
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy is represented by
The change in Gibbs free energy describes the spontaneity of the reaction. The change in enthalpy describes the relative bond strength in the substance, whereas the change in entropy describes the randomness in the system.
(d)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “When
Concept introduction: The activation energy
(e)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Fast reactions have equilibrium constants
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy is represented by
If the
(f)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing the concentration of a reactant always increases the rate of a reaction” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The concentration of a reaction influences the rate of a reaction. The increase in concentration of a starting material results in increase of the rate of a reaction.
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Organic Chemistry
- In each of the following three reaction coordinate diagrams, state: (a) Whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (b) Whether the reaction is the slowest, the fastest, or intermediate in rate. (c) If all three reactions have the same entropy change between the reactant and product, which reaction has the largest favorable G0.arrow_forwardIdentify the catalyst in each equation.arrow_forward53. What is an intermediate in this reaction? HO H20 a d. HO HO H. H. H. H. HO LOHarrow_forward
- Determine the number of transition states and intermediates if you consider the energy diagram of the multi-step reaction below? ÇH3 ÇH3 ÇH3 ÇH3 OH H20 step 2 OH* +cr step 3 -CI step 1 + Cr A B D A. 3 transition states and 3 intermediates B. 2 transition states and 2 intermediates C. 3 transition states and 2 intermediates D. 2 transition states and 3 intermediates E. 2 transition states and 1 intermediatearrow_forwardTrue or false 1. the ΔE is a constant for the reaction 2. the ΔE determines the Keq 3. the rate is determined by the amount of energy in the transition state, designated by the star * 4. the activation energy is another name for the energy in the transition statearrow_forward9. Sketch an energy diagram for a one-step reaction that is fast and exergonic. 10. Sketch an energy diagram for a two-step exergonic reaction whose second step has a lower- energy transition state than its first step. Show on the diagram AG° for the overall reaction.arrow_forward
- Q7. Some spontaneous reactions take 20 million years for half of the reactants to be converted into products while other reactions take 10 seconds. What is the basis for this difference in rate? A. Reactions take longer the closer their ΔG is to zero. B. The rate is dependent upon the concentration of substrate molecules. C. Reactions where substrate molecules can more readily reach the transition state occur faster. D. The rate of the reaction is dependent upon a supply of energy - thus coupled reactions that utilize ATP are the fastest.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction diagram. This reaction is exothermic. endothermic. What is the heat of reaction? AH = 50 Incorrect kJ/mol Energy (kJ/mol) 150 100 50 0 Reaction progressarrow_forward6. Consider the following four energy diagrams: A B Potential energy Potential energy Reaction Reaction coordinate coordinate C D Potential energy Potential energy Reaction coordinate Reaction coordinate Which diagrams correspond with a two-step mechanism? Which diagrams correspond with a one-step mechanism? Compare energy diagrams A and C. Which has a relatively larger Ea? Compare diagrams A and C. Which has a negative AG? Compare diagrams A and D. Which has a positive AG? Compare all four energy diagrams. Which one exhibits the largest Ea? Which processes will have a value of Keq that is greater than 1? Which process will have a value of Keq that is roughly equal to 1?arrow_forward
- Question #9 onlyarrow_forwardCompound A can be converted to either B or C. The energy diagrams for both processes are drawn on the graph below. a.Label each reaction as endothermic or exothermic. b. Which reaction is faster? c. Which reaction generates the product lower in energy? d.Which points on the graphs correspond to transition states? e. Label the energy of activation for each reaction. f. Label the ΔHo for each reaction.arrow_forwardConsider the exothermic combustion of coal. Which of the following could increase the rate of reaction? A. using smaller pieces of coal B. increasing the concentration of oxygen C. lowering the temperature D. both A and B are correct E. choices A, B, and C are all correct E C B.arrow_forward
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