Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing temperature increases reaction rate” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: According to Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium of the reaction shift towards the side that involves absorption of heat when the temperature is increased. The kinetic energy of molecules increases on increasing the temperature. It results in the faster rate of the reaction.
(b)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “If a reaction is fast, it has a large rate constant” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The rate constant is represented by
(c)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “A fast reaction has a large negative
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy is represented by
The change in Gibbs free energy describes the spontaneity of the reaction. The change in enthalpy describes the relative bond strength in the substance, whereas the change in entropy describes the randomness in the system.
(d)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “When
Concept introduction: The activation energy
(e)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Fast reactions have equilibrium constants
Concept introduction: The change in Gibbs free energy is represented by
If the
(f)
Interpretation: The validation of the given statement, “Increasing the concentration of a reactant always increases the rate of a reaction” is to be stated.
Concept introduction: The concentration of a reaction influences the rate of a reaction. The increase in concentration of a starting material results in increase of the rate of a reaction.
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Organic Chemistry
- In each of the following three reaction coordinate diagrams, state: (a) Whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (b) Whether the reaction is the slowest, the fastest, or intermediate in rate. (c) If all three reactions have the same entropy change between the reactant and product, which reaction has the largest favorable G0.arrow_forwardConsider the following energy diagram. a.How many steps are involved in this reaction? b. Label ΔHo and Ea for each step, and label ΔHooverall. c.Label each transition state. d.Which point on the graph corresponds to a reactive intermediate? e.Which step is rate-determining? f. Is the overall reaction endothermic or exothermic?arrow_forwardWhat is the effect of halving the amount of ethanol for this reaction? HO. Br heat the reaction rate decreases by half the reaction rate stays the same A. В. C. the reaction rate doubles D. the reaction rate quadruples ов ODarrow_forward
- Identify the catalyst in each equation.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction energy diagram shown below. The reaction shown is reversible, it can proceed from reagents-> products or produCts->reagents. In which direction do you think the reaction has a higher rate constant, k? reactants Reaction pregresk O a. both k's are the same. b. reactants-> products has the higher k. C. reactants to products always has the larger k d. products -> reactants has the higher k. Posential cncrgyarrow_forwardAn equilibrium-controlled reaction will yield: Select one: ⒸA. the product that forms the fastest. ⒸB. the product whose formation involves the smallest energy of activation. OC. the product that can be formed in the fewest steps. OD. the most stable product.arrow_forward
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- Determine the number of transition states and intermediates if you consider the energy diagram of the multi-step reaction below? ÇH3 ÇH3 ÇH3 ÇH3 OH H20 step 2 OH* +cr step 3 -CI step 1 + Cr A B D A. 3 transition states and 3 intermediates B. 2 transition states and 2 intermediates C. 3 transition states and 2 intermediates D. 2 transition states and 3 intermediates E. 2 transition states and 1 intermediatearrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true of the transition state? O a. It is unstable and dissociate into products O b. Old bonds are weakened and new bonds begin to form O c. It has a greater energy than the products O d. It cannot dissociate into products without needing any additional energy е. It has a greater energy than the reactantsarrow_forwardAs the temperature of a reaction is increased, the rate of reactions increase because the CA. reactant molecules collide less frequently OB. activation energy is lowered C. reactant molecules collide with greater energy D. reactant molecules collide less frequently but with greater energy OE. activation energy is increasedarrow_forward
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