The rough-skinned newt, which lives in western North America, stores a poison in its skin and is avoided by predators. However, several populations of garter snakes have undergone one or a few mutations that enablethem to tolerate the toxin, and these snakes eat the newts with no ill effects. How has natural selection affected this predator–prey relationship? Based on what you have learned about evolutionary arms races, predict what may happen to the newts and the poison-resistant garter snakes over time.

According to Darwinian evolution, there must be variation and selection. In the evolution of large claws in lobsters:  What trait(s) might have been variable?              What factors might have resulted in members of the population being selected?                  Speculate about why predatory cats such as the lion and the leopard have not evolved to be as fast as the cheetah.                  The elephant has evolved to be a great size, while the mouse has evolved to be relatively small. Explain how natural selection might favour a different size in each mammal species.

Some anthropologists have argued that a key stage in human brain evolution was access to aquatic food sources that were rich in certain fatty acids and sodium. However, others have countered that many nutrients are enriched in human diets and it is possible that different nutrients, like iodine, may be just as likely to be the causal driver. Indeed, it is possible that our love of salt evolved because salty things often have higher iodine (e.g., seaweed). These ideas are most consistent with which hypothesis in optimal foraging theory? Feeding behavior sometimes has more to do with micronutrient availability The evolution of foraging behavior is driven by selection to maximize calorie intake Animals will feed on unexpected food items to protect against pathogens and parasites The evolution of diet breadth is driven by resource distribution Many human cultures have “bitters” – alcoholic beverages that have been steeped in plant parts, sometimes from 30+ different species! Some have…

Imagine that you are an evolutionary biologist currenyly studying a particular species of snake on an island off the coast of Durban, South Africa and that you have information indicating that1000 years ago, the same species of snakes in that island was observed to exist in a variety of colours (Red blue,yellow green) and that most of the snakes were blue. This same species of snakes and the same mixof colours were also found on the mainland (i.e Kwazulu Natal)  Assuming that all the snakes are descended from an ancestral blue snake, explain this change in colour frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes.  a. Natural selection  b. Bottleneck effect  c. Founder effect

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Scientists have also noticed unusual coloration among certain condor populations. Andean condors are typically black in color.  However, a few unique white feathered individuals have occasionally been noted. These white feathered individuals are not well-camouflaged, and are easily spotted by larger predators.  Recently, scientists noted that a black feathered condor had mated with a white-feathered condor, and their three chicks all appeared to have gray feathers. Closer examination of these condor chicks revealed that the chicks actually possessed a mixture of black feathers and white feathers, giving them a gray appearance from a distance. Please NAME and EXPLAIN the genetic phenomenon described here.