Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 52, Problem 8TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction: The body contains a well-defined system to protect itself from infections and harmful agents. This system is known as the immunity system. The two types of immunity systems are innate and adaptive immunity. The immunity that an organism contains from the time of birth is called innate immunity. However, the immunity that the organism acquires during its lifetime is called adaptive immunity. The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. The body contains two types of lymphocytes: T-cells and B-cells.
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Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body for phagocytosis and degradation. Another mechanism is...
Select one:
a.
Binding of the Fc domain to T cells for cooperative antigen recognition and destruction.
b.
Altering the local pH by the formation of carbamate upon reaction with CO2 to denature protein antigens.
c.
Binding of the variable region to multiple different/distinct sites on the antigen.
d.
None of these.
e.
Binding of the antigen in regions essential for its function.
Unlike naive T lymphocytes, Select one:
a. memory T lymphocytes obtain energy from glycolysis.
b. memory T lymphocyte populations may include TH1 or TH2 T cells.
c. effector T cells do not undergo mitosis when stimulated by antigen.
d. effector T cells do not express mTORc1.
e. effector T cells undergo high rates of autophagy.
Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
a. They become cytotoxic T cells.
b. The become antigen presenting cells.
c. They become T helper cells.
d. They become plasma cells.
Chapter 52 Solutions
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- Which of the following explains why dendritic cells, but not macrophages or B cells, contribute to the activation of naive T cells? a. Macrophages and B cells do not express MHC class II molecules until they are activated. b. Dendritic cells upregulate B7 after engaging innate immunity receptors at sites of infection. c. Dendritic cells express higher levels of CTLA4. d. Macrophages and B cells do not process antigen. e. Dendritic cells use Toll-like receptors to hold antigen in place for extended periods of time.arrow_forwardA primary difference between how B cells recognize antigen and how T cells recognize antigen is that a. T-cell receptors can bind antigen only after secretion of the T-cell receptor from the surface of the T cell b. antibodies can bind only to denatured proteins c. T-cell receptors can bind to carbohydrate groups or clusters of amino acids d. B cells recognize degraded proteins bound to major histocompatibility molecules e. T cells recognize degraded proteins bound to major histocompatibility molecules.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are true for antigen presentation. a. Antigen presentation means that other cells attach the pathogen first and present it to T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor to B cells c. Antigen presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor on their surface. d. Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytic cells e. Antigen presentation is required for T cell activation f. Cytokines released by macrophages are required for T cell activation g. T cell receptors recognize the MHC receptors in complex with antigen fragments displayed by antigen-presenting cells. h. Phagocytic cells are involved in innate immunity. Therefore they have no role in T-cell activationarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding T cells activated by specific antigen is incorrect? a. They receive co-stimulatory signals through CD28. b. They suppress expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate (SIP). c. They take several days before differentiating into effector T cells. d. They cease to secrete and respond to interleukin-2 (IL-2). e. They begin to express CTLA4, which serves to limit T-cell proliferation.arrow_forwardThe immune system includes the various responses the body uses to ensure survival in the presence of disease-causing agents. Identify the example of innate immunity. A. Infected host cells are killed by toxic proteins from cytotoxic T cells. B. Toll-like receptors bind to foreign molecule fragments to initiate immune response. C. CD4 accessory proteins on the helper T cell surface bind to class II MHC molecules. D. IgE antibodies recognize and attach to pollen grains, stimulating an allergic reaction.arrow_forwardIdentify each immune response as either humoral (H) or cellular (C). A. release of histamine causes itching & sneezing B. cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill infected cells C. plasma B cells are cloned D. antibodies mark pathogen’s antigens E. cytokines signal B & T cell production F. macrophage presents antigen to the matching receptor on helper T cellarrow_forward
- Identify which of the following statements regarding naive T cells is incorrect. a. Naive T cells enter lymph nodes in two different ways, from the blood or from the lymph. b. Naive T cells can only be activated in secondary lymphoid tissues. c. Naive T cells differentiate into effector T cells after T-cell priming has occurred. d. Naive T cells occupy both the cortex and the medulla of lymph nodes. e. Naive T cells are only activated by dendritic cells, not by macrophages or B cells.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about T cells is false? a. Helper T cells release cytokines while cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell. b. Helper T cells are CD4+, while cytotoxic T cells are CD8+. c. MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found on immune cells only. d. The T cell receptor is found on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.arrow_forwardTo become a fully activated, antibody-secreting cell, B cells usually need: a. to encounter an antigen or receive a signal delivered by a helper T cell. b. to ingest a foreign invader such as a microobe. c. activation by a plasma cell d. contact with an antigen and helper T cell cytokinesarrow_forward
- CHAPTER 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Matching SECTION 3 Revie w Match each lettered term with the most closely related description. a. opsonization 1 b. helper T cells Two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains Found on helper T cells C. antibody d. class II MHC 3 Active and passive 4 Transfer of antibodies e. costimulation Attacked by HIV f. IgM 6 Enhances phagocytosis g. class I MHC h. IgG 7 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells i. passive immunity j. anaphylaxis 8 Differentiate into memory and plasma cells 9 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all APCS and lymphocytes 9 k. CD4 markers 10 I. acquired immunity 10 Antibodies used to determine blood type 11 m. B lymphocytes 11 Secondary binding process required for T cell activation 12 12 Accounts for 80 percent of all immunoglobulins 13 13 Circulating allergen stimulates mast cells throughout body Match each lettered term with thearrow_forwardAdaptive immunity includes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which interact but also have distinct roles in adaptive immunity. Identify the example of a strictly cell-mediated immune response. A. A cytotoxic T cell destroys an infected host cell. B. A helper T cell activates a B cell. C. A B cell gives rise to plasma cells, which release antibodies. D. An antigen is taken in by an antigen-presenting cell.arrow_forwardExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. In order for an antigen to activate or sensitize a T helper cell, the antigen must be a. coated with antibodies b. displayed on the surface of an APC along with MHC antigens c. displayed on the surface of another T cell with IgD antibodies d. partly digested by a natural killer cellarrow_forward
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