Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Question
Chapter 51.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason because of which urea is produced in sharks and rays instead of uric acid to raise osmotic concentration of extracellular fluids.
Introduction:
Urea and uric acid are the excretory products that are formed by protein
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a) The process by which salmon maintain an internal balance is called osmoregulation. Describe how salmon achieve osmoregulation as they migrate between fresh and saltwater environments.
b) Describe what happens to salmon in fresh water. What direction do solutes tend to move via diffusion? What direction does water tend to move via osmosis?
Which molecules are responsible for the high osmolarity of the renal medulla in the mammalian kidney?
"Na+, Cl-, and K+"
"urea, uric acid, and Na+"
"Na+, Cl-, and urea"
"uric acid, urea, and amonia"
Some animals are osmoconformers, meaning that they maintain the tonicity/osmolarity of their body fluids equal to that of the external environment. Hydroids, a type of cnidarian, are osmoconformers. But they don't move and thus are adapted to the environment they live in. A) What would happen if you take a marine hydroid and transfer it into a freshwater aquarium? B) What would happen if you take a freshwater hydroid and transfer it into a saltwater aquarium? C) Sharks are extraordinary osmoconformers. Bull sharks store urea in their tissues and use it to match the tonicity of their tissues to that of the surrounding environment. Some sharks can move from saltwater to freshwater, hypothesize what changes will sharks do in order to adjust when moving from saltwater to freshwater and vice versa. Explain your answer in terms of tonicity and specify the direction of water movement and urea concentration.
Chapter 51 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- 10) Osmoregulation refers to the ability of an organism to maintain homeostasis with respect to the solute concentration of their bodies. Euryhaline fish are able to live in both fresh water and salt water at different points of their life. In order to osmoregulate in both environments, one physiological change that occurs in these fish is the direction in which they actively transport ions across their gills. a) In what direction are ions actively transported across the gills of euryhaline fish when they are in freshwater versus salt water? In freshwater: (into body or out of body) In salt water: (into body or out of body) b) Briefly explain why active transport is required in these cases. 121 11) The table below compares and contrasts carrier protein pumps with clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. Fill in the empty spaces of the table with the appropriate ans Clathrin- Carrier protein dependent receptor mediated endocytosis pump Involvement of multiple types of proteins?…arrow_forwardSome animals living in water excrete nitrogen as ammonia. Land animals, which must conserve water, excrete urea or uric acid. How does excretion of these molecules aid in water conservation?arrow_forward1) Animals that are osmoconformers _______. A) almost always live on land or in fresh water habitats B) typically have a higher plasma osmolarity than other vertebrates C) are constantly losing water to their environment via osmosis D) most often secrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acidarrow_forward
- explain the fluid regulation process in animals.arrow_forwardA marine invertebrate such as the anemone is described as an 1.) Osmoregulator 2.) Osmomanipulator 3.) Osmoconformer 4.) Osmosupressor 5.) Osmodictatorarrow_forwardAfrican lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant poolsof fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is theadvantage of this adaptation?(A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.(B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to diluteammonia, which is toxic.(C) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.(D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pooarrow_forward
- How is it possible that some species of frogs can brood their eggs and larvae in their gut without being digested or excreted? What examples of physical and chemical barriers protect immobile eggs against predators ?arrow_forwardWhy is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?arrow_forwardSharks live in marine (saltwater) habitats and are osmoconformers. Based on this information which of the following is/are true (select all that apply): A. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are isoosmotic relative to the environment B. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are hypoosmotic relative to the environment C. Sharks devote considerable energy to osmoregulation D. Sharks do not devote much energy to osmoregulationarrow_forward
- Explain why freshwater fish should not drink water and why saltwater fish should to maintain osmotic balance.arrow_forwardWhich of the following ions is important for the symport transport of amino acids, glucose and other solutes through the membrane into nephronest epithelial cells? a) Cl- b) Ca2 + c) Na + d) K +arrow_forwardSome animals living in a fluid medium excrete nitrogen asammonia. Land animals, which conserve water, excrete ureaand uric acid. Why does the excretion of these molecules aidin water conservation?arrow_forward
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