Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 5, Problem 6QP
Describe why there is a fundamental difference between the expression of a trait that is determined by polygenes and the expression of a trait that is determined monogenetically.
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Epistasis refers to the interaction of genes wherein the expression of one gene is dependent on another gene. For example, suppose there are two genes that code for flower color in a plant, where red, WW or Ww, is typically dominant over expression of white, ww, and yellow, YY or Yy, is typically dominant over green, yy. One type of epistasis expresses a pattern where a dominant allele in either gene produces a red phenotype.
Classify the F1 flower color ratio that would be produced from the dihybrid cross for each type of epistasis.
Mendel's concept of dominance states that in a genotype where two different alleles of a locus are present, only the trait encoded by the dominant allele is observed. Give a molecular explanation for dominance, i.e. explain intracellular molecular events that can result in what we observe as dominance on a phenotypic level. Use the gene that encodes seed shape in peas as an example, where roun(R) is dominant over wrinkled(r), to explain how RR and Rr plants can have the same phenotype.
Assume that a gene controls the expression of a trait in which affected children occur only in families where one or both parents are also affected; children who are normal may have parents who are (1) both normal, (2) one normal and one affected, or (3) both affected. Is the gene for the affected condition completely dominant, co-dominant, incompletely dominant or recessive?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 1GRCh. 5.5 - What are the possible advantages or disadvantages...Ch. 5 - After hearing this information, should Sue and Tim...Ch. 5 - Can cleft lip be surgically corrected? Sue and Tim...Ch. 5 - If the child showed a cleft lip through ultrasound...Ch. 5 - Describe why continuous variation is common in...Ch. 5 - The text outlines some of the problems Frederick...Ch. 5 - What role might environment have played in causing...Ch. 5 - Do you think Frederick Williams experiment would...Ch. 5 - As it turned out, one of the tallest Potsdam...
Ch. 5 - Describe why there is a fundamental difference...Ch. 5 - Sunflowers with flowers 10 cm in diameter are...Ch. 5 - Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect. This...Ch. 5 - Define genetic variance.Ch. 5 - Define environmental variance.Ch. 5 - How is heritability related to genetic and...Ch. 5 - Why are relatives used in the calculation of...Ch. 5 - If there is no genetic variation within a...Ch. 5 - Can conjoined (Siamese) twins be dizygotic twins...Ch. 5 - Dizygotic twins: a. are as closely related as...Ch. 5 - Why are monozygotic twins who are reared apart so...Ch. 5 - Monozygotic (MZ) twins have a concordance value of...Ch. 5 - If monozygotic twins show complete concordance for...Ch. 5 - Researchers set up an obesity study in which MZ...Ch. 5 - What does the ob gene code for? How does it work?...Ch. 5 - What is the importance of the comparison of traits...Ch. 5 - Height in humans is controlled by the additive...Ch. 5 - If diseases such as cardiovascular disease...Ch. 5 - Prob. 24QPCh. 5 - Prob. 25QPCh. 5 - Suppose that a team of researchers analyzes the...
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- Which of the following best explains how individuals who inherit phenylketonuria alleles can avoid the symptoms of this disease (mental impairment, foul smelling urine)? It exhibits variable expressivity. The expression of this disease depends on the environment. If the individual removes phenylalanine from their diet they can avoid the disease entirely. PKU alleles are epistatic to alleles of another gene, which acts downstream in phenylalanine metabolism. These individuals supplement their diets with enzymes that break-down phenylalanine.arrow_forwardThe shape of a pumpkin is determined by the action of two genes A and B. The recessive forms of these two alleles produces a flattened-shaped fruit, whereas the dominant forms of these two alleles produce the typical pumpkin with ridges. When both alleles are heterozygous a disc-shaped pumpkin is produced. If the genotype of the pumpkin plant is homozygous dominant at one allele and heterozygous at the other, the pumpkin will be ball-shaped. If the pumpkin plant is homozygous recessive at one allele and heterozygous at the other allele it produces an oblong-shaped fruit. Plants with genotypes other than the ones listed in this question do not produce pumpkins. Do the following cross: two pumpkin plants capable of making disc-shaped pumpkins are crossed with each other. Based on this cross, answer the following: (Show your work below.) How many of the progeny will make ball-shaped pumpkins?__________________________________________ How many of the progeny will make disc-shaped…arrow_forwardThe term epistasis is used to refer to a situation in which the expression of a gene is influenced by another independently inherited gene. In labs, the gene B determines how much pigment is made. The dominant allele B results in black fur and the recessive allele b results in brown (chocolate) fur. A separate gene, E, codes for a protein that determines whether the pigment is deposited in the hair. (E = pigment deposited; e = pigment not deposited). What genotypes are possible for a black lab? What genotypes are possible for a chocolate lab? What genotypes are possible for a yellow Lab? In a cross between a black lab that is homozygous for both alleles and a yellow lab that is homozygous for both alleles, what would the genotype and phenotype of the offspring be? Imagine you cross two heterozygous parents. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements describes the multifactorial inheritance in genetics? O Phenotype is determined by different environmental factors. O One locus is associated with variable phenotypes of a trait. Several loci are associated with the trait. One locus is associated with different traits. O Environment plays minimal or no role in the final phenotype.arrow_forwardExplain in your own words why the terms "dominant" and "recessive" in terms of genetic inheritance are context dependant. Typically, the terms dominant and recessive refer to the phenotype and not to alleles. In your answer, also explain why this is the case. If all cells carry the same DNA information, how is it that different cells may carry out different functions or that particular traits be expressed at different times of an organism's lifetime?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?arrow_forward
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?arrow_forwardIndividuals, such as Ryan Clark and Geno Atkins, heterozygous for the sickle cell allele show effects of the allele under some circumstances (refer to the linked article and Mendelian patterns of inheritance in your text). Explain in terms of gene expression. http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000714754/article/coleman-unsure-on-denver-game-due-to-sickle-cell-traitarrow_forward
- Explain why most loss-of-function alleles (hypomorphic or amorphic) are recessive to wild-type alleles, but some are incompletely dominant or dominant.arrow_forwardTotal fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active allele adds 15 ridges to the TRC of the male and 12 to the TRC of the female and that having the genotype aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 70 for males and 50 for females. Predict the TRC for each of the following individuals: Genotype Male Female AABBCCDD AabbccDd AaBBCcDD aaBbCCDd A. Write the genotypes of parents who are heterozygous for all four genes. B. Write the genotype of their child who has the maximum number of active alleles possible. C. What are the TRCs for the parents? D. What is the TRC of the child from B (assume male)?…arrow_forwardTotal fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active allele adds 15 ridges to the TRC of the male and 12 to the TRC of the female and that having the genotype aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 70 for males and 50 for females. Predict the TRC for each of the following individuals: Genotype Male Female AABBCCDD AabbccDd AaBBCcDD aaBbCCDdarrow_forward
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