Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780393912340
Author: Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Natalie Foster
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Molecules can be polar because of the unsymmetrical distribution of electrons. The dipole moment, μ Q r
μ=Q×r
The SI unit of dipole moment is the coulomb-meter (C⋅m), but another common unit is the debye (D). The two are related as
3.336×10^−30 C⋅m=1 D
The percent ionic character is a comparison of the measured dipole moment of the bond to the expected dipole moment if electrons are instead transferred:
%ionic character=measured dipole/if electrons transferred×100%
The dipole moment if electrons are completely transferred is one for which a full unit of charge (1.60×10^−19 C) exists on each end of the bond.
The dipole measured for HI is 0.380 D. The bond distance is 161 pm. What is the percent ionic character of the HI bond?
Express your answer as a percent to three significant figures.
Describe the molecular dipole of OCl2.
Identify the likely structure dipole moment of the theoretical molecule C(OH)3Cl.
Provide a hand-drawn illustration showing the molecule's 3D structure and dipole moment if applicable.
Explain whether the following molecules are either polar or non-polar:
H2, NCl3, CO2, AlCl3, CH4, HCN, H2O, NH3.
Show 3D sketches, ΔEN and partial charges to aid your explanation.
Chapter 5 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach
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- Best Lewis Formula and Molecular Geometry A student writes the Lewis electron-dot formula for the carbonate anion, CO32, as a Does this Lewis formula obey the octet rule? Explain. What are the formal charges on the atoms? Try describing the bonding for this formula in valence bond terms. Do you have any difficulty doing this? b Does this Lewis formula give a reasonable description of the electron structure, or is there a better one? If there is a better Lewis formula, write it down and explain why it is better. c The same student writes the following resonance description for CO2: Is there something wrong with this description? (What would you predict as the geometries of these formulas?) d Is one or the other formula a better description? Could a value for the dipole moment help you decide? e Can you write a Lewis formula that gives an even better description of CO2? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardIt is possible to write a simple Lewis structure for the SO42- ion, involving only single bonds, which follows the octet rule. However, Linus Pauling and others have suggested an alternative structure, involving double bonds, in which the sulfur atom is surrounded by six electron pairs. (a) Draw the two Lewis structures. (b) What geometries are predicted for the two structures? (c) What is the hybridization of sulfur in each case? (d) What are the formal charges of the atoms in the two structures?arrow_forward(a) How does a polar molecule differ from a nonpolar one? (b) Atoms X and Y have different electronegativities. Will the diatomic molecule X—Y necessarily be polar? Explain. (c) What factors affect the size of the dipole moment of a diatomic molecule?arrow_forward
- The gaseous potassium chloride molecule has a measured dipole moment of 10.3 D, which indicates that it is a very polar molecule. The separation between the nuclei in this molecule is 2.67 Å. What would the dipole moment of a KCl molecule be if there were opposite charges of one fundamental unit (1.60 × 10-19 C) at the nuclei?arrow_forwardThere are two main types of covalent bond breakage. In ho-molytic breakage , each atom in the bond gets one of the shared electrons. In some cases, the electronega-tivity of adjacent atoms affects the bond energy. In heterolytic breakage, one atom gets both electrons and the other gets none;thus, a cation and an anion form. (a) Why is the C−C bond in H₃C−CF₃(423 kJ/mol) strongerthan that in H₃C−CH₃(376 kJ/mol)?(b) Use bond energy and any other data to calculate the heat ofreaction for the heterolytic cleavage of O₂.arrow_forwardWhat is the electron-pair geometry for P in PF5 ? What is the the shape (molecular geometry) of PF5?arrow_forward
- Please give the following for OCl2 Lewis Structure Hybridization of the Central atom Electron pair geometry Molecular geometry, And whether it can create resonance structures. Thank youarrow_forwardWhat is the electron-pair geometry around the central S atom in sulfuryl fluoride, SO2F2?arrow_forwardCompare the bond enthalpies of the carbon-carbon single and triple bonds. Based on this information, what is the average π-bond contribution to bond enthalpy in C≡C? Compare the bond enthalpies of the nitrogen-nitrogen single and triple bonds. Based on this information, what is the average π-bond contribution to bond enthalpy in N≡N?arrow_forward
- Write the best Lewis dot structure for N₃⁻, give the electronic geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization of the central element, polarity, and bond angle around the central element.arrow_forwardThe antibiotic thiarubrine-A was discovered by studying the feeding habits of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania. The structure of thiarubrine-A is How many σ bonds are in this molecule?arrow_forwardDraw the best Lewis dot structure for BrO₄⁻, being sure to give the electronic geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization of the central element, polarity, and bond angle around the central element.arrow_forward
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