Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)
Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780321937711
Author: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 5, Problem 30P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed from the reaction step in accordance with the given curved arrow representation has to be determined.  Nucleophile and electrophile in the reaction step also has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Mechanism of the reaction is the step-by-step description of the process by which reactants are changed into products.

Curved arrows show the bonds that are formed and the bonds that are broken in a reaction.

Curved arrows used to understand a reaction mechanism.

Curved arrows are drawn to show how the electrons move as new covalent bonds are formed existing covalent bonds are broken.

Each arrow represents the simultaneous movement of two electrons from a nucleophile towards an electrophile.

The tail of the arrow is positioned where the electrons are in the reactant; the tail always starts at a lone pair of electron or at a bond.

The head of the arrow points to where these same electrons end up in the product; the arrow always points at an atom or a bond.

Nucleophiles are the electron rich species and it can share at least a pair of electron. Nucleophiles have negative charge.

Electrophiles are electron deficient species; they look for a pair of electrons.  An electrophile has a positive charge, a partial positive charge or an incomplete octet that can accept electron.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed from the reaction step in accordance with the given curved arrow representation has to be determined.  Nucleophile and electrophile in the reaction step also have to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Mechanism of the reaction is the step-by-step description of the process by which reactants are changed into products.

Curved arrows show the bonds that are formed and the bonds that are broken in a reaction.

Curved arrows used to understand a reaction mechanism.

Curved arrows are drawn to show how the electrons move as new covalent bonds are formed existing covalent bonds are broken.

Each arrow represents the simultaneous movement of two electrons from a nucleophile towards an electrophile.

The tail of the arrow is positioned where the electrons are in the reactant; the tail always starts at a lone pair of electron or at a bond.

The head of the arrow points to where these same electrons end up in the product; the arrow always points at an atom or a bond.

Nucleophiles are the electron rich species and it can share at least a pair of electron. Nucleophiles have negative charge.

Electrophiles are electron deficient species; they look for a pair of electrons.  An electrophile has a positive charge, a partial positive charge or an incomplete octet that can accept electron.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed from the reaction step in accordance with the given curved arrow representation has to be determined.  Nucleophile and electrophile in the reaction step also have to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Mechanism of the reaction is the step-by-step description of the process by which reactants are changed into products.

Curved arrows show the bonds that are formed and the bonds that are broken in a reaction.

Curved arrows used to understand a reaction mechanism.

Curved arrows are drawn to show how the electrons move as new covalent bonds are formed existing covalent bonds are broken.

Each arrow represents the simultaneous movement of two electrons from a nucleophile towards an electrophile.

The tail of the arrow is positioned where the electrons are in the reactant; the tail always starts at a lone pair of electron or at a bond.

The head of the arrow points to where these same electrons end up in the product; the arrow always points at an atom or a bond.

Nucleophiles are the electron rich species and it can share at least a pair of electron. Nucleophiles have negative charge.

Electrophiles are electron deficient species; they look for a pair of electrons. An electrophile has a positive charge, a partial positive charge or an incomplete octet that can accept electron.

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How can we determine whether the equilibrium will favor products in a nucleophilic substitution?
See attached file ?
Draw the major product for the oxidation reaction. Then, draw the proper FULL electron-pushing mechanism for the reaction, including ALL intermediates (with formal charges) and electron-pushing arrows. Label the electrophile and nucleophile in each step.

Chapter 5 Solutions

Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)

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