Biological Science
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321743671
Author: Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 42, Problem 13TYPSS
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason of Geospiza fortis not being bigger in size in response to natural selection.
Introduction:
The best way to study and witness the process of evolution is by observing Darwin’s finches. A study on the population of finches has revealed that evolution has occurred as a result of natural selection. Various factors are responsible for the evolution of finches such as scarcity of food, environmental factors (such as drought) and other related factors.
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One of Darwin’s finches, the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis), is found on the small island of Daphne Major. These finches are seedeating birds. A major drought occurred on the island in 1977. Following the drought, the average beak size of medium ground finches had increased about 3%–4%. Why might a drought lead to an evolutionary change in beak size? Propose a hypothesis and explain how you could go about testing it.
Tests on wild cheetahs have shown that there is low genetic diversity among individuals. Wildlife biologists and conservationists are worried about what this means for the survival of this species. Why is low genetic variability a big problem when it comes to a species survival in a changing habitat?
Darwin’s finches have different beaks in terms of size and shape to be able to eat different food sources like insects, nectar, and seeds. Cactus finches have longer, more pointed beaks to probe cactus flowers compared to their relatives, the ground finches.
If a plant disease killed a large portion of the cacti on the Galapagos islands, what would the future populations of finches look like in terms of beak size and shape? Use your knowledge of natural selection to determine which option is most likely.
Ground finches would survive and pass on their shorter and wider beaks, so there would be a higher proportion of finches in future generations that have short and wide beaks.
Ground finches would survive and pass on their beaks, but they would mate with the remaining cactus finches, creating a new hybrid that is somewhere between short versus long and narrow versus wide.
Cactus finches would compete for food with ground finches and exhibit resource partitioning, so the beaks…
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- Which of the following best explains the connection between increased competition and the evolution of a species by natural selection? Individuals migrate to another area in order to avoid competition for limited resources in the current ecosystem. Individuals that have traits that allow them to outcompete others survive better and produce more offspring. Individuals must become stronger to compete for resources, and this increased strength is passed on to the next generation. Individuals that must compete for limited resources are more likely to have diseases that cause mutations.arrow_forwardAccording to Darwinian evolution, there must be variation and selection. In the evolution of large claws in lobsters: What trait(s) might have been variable? What factors might have resulted in members of the population being selected? Speculate about why predatory cats such as the lion and the leopard have not evolved to be as fast as the cheetah. The elephant has evolved to be a great size, while the mouse has evolved to be relatively small. Explain how natural selection might favour a different size in each mammal species.arrow_forwardA population of a snake species with three skin color variations inhabited a deciduous forest in southern chile. In 2000, many trees in the forest were cut down for timber. The number of snakes of each color was monitored for the next 10 years. The results if this study are recorded in the graph below. Describe how variation affects the survival of this snake species in new environmental conditions?arrow_forward
- Monarch butterflies and viceroy butterflies are both found in the United States and parts of Canada and Mexico. Monarch butterflies have a particular orange and black wing pattern and are toxic. Viceroy butterflies are non-toxic but have a very similar wing pattern to the monarch. Scientists have observed that attempted predation of viceroy butterflies is lower in regions that are also inhabited by monarch butterflies. Why would natural selection select for a non-poisonous butterfly with the same markings as a poisonous butterfly?arrow_forwardHow does an individual with a competitive advantage lead to the evolution of an entire species? Individuals that survive due to their competitive advantage are able to expand their range, similar to how the finches radiated out from one common ancestor on the mainland. Traits that are advantageous help certain individuals reproduce at higher rates, so those traits are more common within the population. Some individuals are better at competing for resources, and that allows them to survive droughts or other major ecological events, leading to the extinction of certain species and the survival of others. Those who have traits that help them survive are able to reproduce, and their offspring have those traits, leading to a change in the species over time.arrow_forwardWhich of the following lists events in the proper order to reflect how natural selection works in a population of lice that could originally be controlled by the pesticide permethrin? a. A louse population evolves resistance to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice become more common in schoolchildren. b. Some lice are resistant to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice resistant to permethrin become the most common type. c. Permethrin resistance is common in lice; permethrin is used to kill lice; most lice become sensitive to permethrin. d. Permethrin is used to kill lice; individual lice change in order to survive exposure to permethrin; most lice become resistant to permethrin.arrow_forward
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