Chapter 4, Problem P16P

a.

Program Plan Intro

Internet Service Provider (ISP):

An internet service provider is a technique that includes the accessing service over the internet. With involvement of ISPs in the Google network, the data centres mostly use lower-level tier than the upper-level tier to create the website.

b.

Program Plan Intro

Network Address Translation (NAT):

• NAT is a method which is used to connect numerous numbers of computers to the internet using a single Internet Protocol (IP) address.
• It offers the home users who using multiple computers which are used by the family members at home to connect with the internet and small businesses a cheap and efficient internet connections.
• Usually, most of the companies use more than one router to connect with the internet.
• But after installing NAT, the mapping is kept only at a single router. Thus, it is essential to use a same router to connect with the internet.
• Multi-homing with more routers using NAT can be done by using the same router for a single connection and thus mapping is done properly.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

• TCP is an internet protocol used for exchanging of data between the sender and the receiver. It is a secured protocol for transferring the data.
• When the sender sends data to the receiver, he/she waits for the acknowledgement from the receiver.
• If acknowledgement is received then the next data packet will be sent and the process continues till all the data packets are sent.
• If acknowledgement is not received then the receiver is assumed as hacker or intruder and the connection will be removed.