Concept explainers
The adjusted
Required
- 1. Prepare the income statement and the statement of owner’s equity for calendar-year 2019 and the classified balance sheet at December 31, 2019.
- 2. Prepare the necessary closing entries at December 31, 2019.
- 3. Use the information in the financial statements to compute these ratios: (a) return on assets (total assets at December 31, 2018, was $200,000), (b) debt ratio, (c) profit margin ratio (use total revenues as the denominator), and (d)
current ratio . Round ratios to three decimals for parts a and c and to two decimals for parts b and d.
Requirement 1:
Prepare the following:
- Income statement for the year ended December 31, 2019.
- Statement of owner’s equity for the year ended December 31, 2019.
- Balance sheet at December 31, 2019.
Explanation of Solution
Income statement: The financial statement which reports revenues and expenses from business operations and the result of those operations as net income or net loss for a particular time period is referred to as income statement.
Prepare an income statement for the year ended December 31, 2019:
Table (1)
Statement of owners’ equity: This statement reports the beginning owner’s equity and all the changes, which led to ending owners’ equity. Additional capital, net income from income statement is added to and a drawing is deducted from beginning owner’s equity to arrive at the result, ending owner’s equity.
Prepare the statement of owners’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2019:
Table (2)
Classified balance sheet: The main elements of balance sheet assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity are categorized or classified further into sections, and sub-sections in a classified balance sheet. Assets are further classified as current assets, long-term investments, property, plant, and equipment (PPE), and intangible assets. Liabilities are classified into two sections current and long-term. Stockholders’ equity comprises of common stock and retained earnings. Thus, the classified balance sheet includes all the elements under different sections.
Prepare the classified balance sheet at December 31, 2019:
Table (3)
Requirement 2:
Prepare the closing entries at December 31, 2019.
Explanation of Solution
Closing entries: The journal entries prepared to close the temporary accounts to permanent account are referred to as closing entries. The revenue, expense, and dividends accounts are referred to as temporary accounts because the information and figures in these accounts is held temporarily and consequently transferred to permanent account at the end of accounting year.
Prepare the closing entries at December 31, 2019:
Table (4)
Working Note:
Calculate the amount of O.T’s capital (transferred):
Revenue account:
In this closing entry, the professional fees earned account is closed by transferring the amount of professional fees earned account to Income summary account in order to bring the revenue account balance to zero. Hence, debit professional fees earned account and credit Income summary account.
Expense account:
In this closing entry, all expense accounts are closed by transferring the amount of total expense to the Income summary account in order to bring the expense account balance to zero. Hence, debit the Income summary account and credit all expenses account.
Income summary account:
Income summary account is a temporary account. This account is debited to close the net income value to O.T’s capital account.
O.T’s capital is a component of stockholders’ equity account. The value of O.T’s capital increased because net income is transferred. Therefore, it is credited.
Withdrawals account:
O.T’s capital is a component of owner’s equity. Thus, owners ‘equity is debited since the capital is decreased on owners’ drawings.
O.T’s withdrawals are a component of owner’s equity. It is credited because the balance of owners’ withdrawals account is transferred to owners ‘capital account.
Requirement 3:
Compute the following ratios:
- (a) Return on assets.
- (b) Debt ratio.
- (c) Profit margin ratio.
- (d) Current ratio.
Explanation of Solution
Return on Assets (ROA): This financial ratio evaluates a company’s efficiency in operating the assets to generate net income. So, ROA is a tool used to measure the performance of a company.
The following formula is used to calculate return on assets:
(a)
Compute the return on assets ratio:
Debt Ratio:
Debt ratio is the ratio that measures the relationship between total assets and total liabilities of the company. Debt ratio reflects the finance strategy of the company. It is used to evaluate company’s ability to pay its debts. Higher debt ratio implies the higher financial risk.
The following formula is used to calculate debt ratio:
(b)
Compute the debt ratio:
Profit margin ratio:
Profit margin ratio is used to determine the percentage of net income that is being generated per dollar of revenue or sales.
The following formula is used to calculate profit margin ratio:
(c)
Compute the profit margin ratio:
Current ratio: The financial ratio which evaluates the ability of a company to pay off the debt obligations which mature within one year or within completion of operating cycle is referred to as current ratio. This ratio assesses the liquidity of a company.
The following formula is used to calculate current ratio:
(d)
Compute the current ratio:
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Principles of Financial Accounting.
- Elite Realty acts as an agent in buying, selling, renting, and managing real estate. The unadjusted trial balance on March 31, 2019, follows: The following business transactions were completed by Elite Realty during April 2019: Apr. 1. Paid rent on office for month, 6,500. 2.Purchased office supplies on account, 2,300. 5.Paid insurance premiums, 6,000. 10.Received cash from clients on account, 52,300. 15.Purchased land for a future building site for 200,000, paying 30,000 in cash and giving a note payable for the remainder. 17.Paid creditors on account, 6,450. 20.Returned a portion of the office supplies purchased on April 2, receiving full credit for their cost, 325. 23.Paid advertising expense, 4,300. Enter the following transactions on Page 19 of the two-column journal: 27.Discovered an error in computing a commission; received cash from the salesperson for the overpayment, 2,500. 28.Paid automobile expense (including rental charges for an automobile), 1,500. 29.Paid miscellaneous expenses, 1,400. 30.Recorded revenue earned and billed to clients during the month, 57,000. 30.Paid salaries and commissions for the month, 11,900. 30.Withdrew cash for personal use, 4,000. 30.Rented land purchased on April 15 to local merchants association for use as a parking lot in May and June, during a street rebuilding program; received advance payment of 10,000. Instructions 1. Record the April 1, 2019, balance of each account in the appropriate balance column of a four-column account, write Balance in the item section, and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. 2. Journalize the transactions for April in a two-column journal beginning on Page 18. Journal entry explanations may be omitted. 3. Post to the ledger, extending the account balance to the appropriate balance column after each posting. 4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance of the ledger as of April 30, 2019. 5. Assume that the April 30 transaction for salaries and commissions should have been 19,100. (a) Why did the unadjusted trial balance in (4) balance? (b) Journalize the correcting entry. (c) Is this error a transposition or slide?arrow_forwardValley Realty acts as an agent in buying, selling, renting, and managing real estate. The unadjusted trial balance on July 31, 2019, follows: The following business transactions were completed by Valley Realty during August 2019: Aug. 1. Purchased office supplies on account, 3,150. 2.Paid rent on office for month, 7,200. 3.Received cash from clients on account, 83,900. 5.Paid insurance premiums, 12,000. 9.Returned a portion of the office supplies purchased on August 1, receiving full credit for their cost, 400. Analyzing Transactions Aug. 17. Paid advertising expense, 8,000. 23.Paid creditors on account, 13,750. Enter the following transactions on Page 19 of the two-column journal: 29.Paid miscellaneous expenses, 1,700. 30.Paid automobile expense (including rental charges for an automobile), 2,500. 31.Discovered an error in computing a commission during July; received cash from the salesperson for the overpayment, 2,000. 31.Paid salaries and commissions for the month, 53,000. 31.Recorded revenue earned and billed to clients during the month, 183,500. 31.Purchased land for a future building site for 75,000, paying 7,500 in cash and giving a note payable for the remainder. 31.Withdrew cash for personal use, 1,000. 31.Rented land purchased on August 31 to a local university for use as a parking lot during football season (September, October, and November); received advance payment of 5,000. Instructions 1. Record the August 1 balance of each account in the appropriate balance column of a four-column account, write Balance in the item section, and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. 2. Journalize the transactions for August in a two-column journal beginning on Page 18. Journal entry explanations may be omitted. 3. Post to the ledger, extending the account balance to the appropriate balance column after each posting. 4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance of the ledger as of August 31, 2019. 5. Assume that the August 31 transaction for Cindy Getmans cash withdrawal should have been 10,000. (a) Why did the unadjusted trial balance in (4) balance? (b) Journalize the correcting entry. (c) Is this error a transposition or slide?arrow_forwardReece Financial Services Co., which specializes in appliance repair services, is owned and operated by Joni Reece. Reece Financial Services accounting clerk prepared the following unadjusted trial balance at July 31, 2019: The data needed to determine year-end adjustments are as follows: Depreciation of building for the year, 6,400. Depreciation of equipment for the year, 2,800. Accrued salaries and wages at July 31, 900. Unexpired insurance at July 31, 1,500. Fees earned but unbilled on July 31, 10,200. Supplies on hand at July 31, 615. Rent unearned at July 31, 300. Instructions 1. Journalize the adjusting entries using the following additional accounts: Salaries and Wages Payable, Rent Revenue, Insurance Expense, Depreciation ExpenseBuilding, Depreciation ExpenseEquipment, and Supplies Expense. 2. Determine the balances of the accounts affected by the adjusting entries and prepare an adjusted trial balance.arrow_forward
- Kelly Pitney began her consulting business, Kelly Consulting, on April 1, 2019. The accounting cycle for Kelly Consulting for April, including financial statements, was illustrated in this chapter. During May, Kelly Consulting entered into the following transactions: Instructions 1. The chart of accounts for Kelly Consulting is shown in Exhibit 9, and the post-closingtrial balance as of April 30, 2019, is shown in Exhibit 17. For each account in the post-closing trial balance, enter the balance in the appropriate Balance column of a four-column account. Date the balances May 1, 2019, and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. Journalize each of the May transactions in a twocolumn journal starting on Page 5 of the journal and using Kelly Consultings chart of accounts. (Do not insert the account numbers in the journal at this time.) 2. Post the journal to a ledger of four-column accounts. 3. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance. 4. At the end of May, the following adjustment data were assembled. Analyze and use these data to complete parts (5) and (6). a. Insurance expired during May is 275. b. Supplies on hand on May 31 are 715. c. Depreciation of office equipment for May is 330. d. Accrued receptionist salary on May 31 is 325. e. Rent expired during May is 1,600. f. Unearned fees on May 31 are 3,210. 5. (Optional) Enter the unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet and complete the spreadsheet. 6. Journalize and post the adjusting entries. Record the adjusting entries on Page 7 of the journal. 7. Prepare an adjusted trial balance. 8. Prepare an income statement, a statement of owners equity, and a balance sheet. 9. Prepare and post the closing entries. Record the closing entries on Page 8 of the journal. Indicate closed accounts by inserting a line in both Balance columns opposite the closing entry. 10. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.arrow_forwardOn October 1, 2019, Jay Pryor established an interior decorating business, Pioneer Designs. During the month, Jay completed the following transactions related to the business: Oct. 1. Jay transferred cash from a personal bank account to an account to be used for the business, 18,000. 4.Paid rent for period of October 4 to end of month, 3,000. 10.Purchased a used truck for 23,750, paying 3,750 cash and giving a note payable for the remainder. 13.Purchased equipment on account, 10,500. 14.Purchased supplies for cash, 2,100. 15.Paid annual premiums on property and casualty insurance, 3,600. 15.Received cash for job completed, 8,950. Enter the following transactions on Page 2 of the two-column journal: 21.Paid creditor a portion of the amount owed for equipment purchased on October 13, 2,000. 24.Recorded jobs completed on account and sent invoices to customers, 14,150. 26.Received an invoice for truck expenses, to be paid in November, 700. 27.Paid utilities expense, 2,240. 27.Paid miscellaneous expenses, 1,100. Oct. 29. Received cash from customers on account, 7,600. 30.Paid wages of employees, 4,800. 31.Withdrew cash for personal use, 3,500. Instructions 1. Journalize each transaction in a two-column journal beginning on Page 1, referring to the following chart of accounts in selecting the accounts to be debited and credited. (Do not insert the account numbers in the journal at this time.) Journal entry explanations may be omitted. 2. Post the journal to a ledger of four-column accounts, inserting appropriate posting references as each item is posted. Extend the balances to the appropriate balance columns after each transaction is posted. 3. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance for Pioneer Designs as of October 31, 2019. 4. Determine the excess of revenues over expenses for October. 5. Can you think of any reason why the amount determined in (4) might not be the net income for October?arrow_forwardThe following selected accounts and their current balances appear in the ledger of Clairemont Co. for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019: Instructions 1. Prepare a multiple-step income statement. 2. Prepare a statement of owners equity. 3. Prepare a balance sheet, assuming that the current portion of the note payable is 50,000. 4. Briefly explain how multiple-step and single-step income statements differ.arrow_forward
- The transactions completed by PS Music during June 2019 were described at the end of Chapter 1. The following transactions were completed during July, the second month of the businesss operations: July 1.Peyton Smith made an additional investment in PS Music by depositing 5,000 in PS Musics checking account. 1.Instead of continuing to share office space with a local real estate agency, Peyton decided to rent office space near a local music store. Paid rent for July, 1,750. 1.Paid a premium of 2,700 for a comprehensive insurance policy covering liability, theft, and fire. The policy covers a one-year period. 2.Received 1,000 cash from customers on account. 3.On behalf of PS Music, Peyton signed a contract with a local radio station, KXMD, to provide guest spots for the next three months. The contract requires PS Music to provide a guest disc jockey for 80 hours per month for a monthly fee of 3,600. Any additional hours beyond 80 will be billed to KXMD at 40 per hour. In accordance with the contract, Peyton received 7,200 from KXMD as an advance payment for the first two months. 3.Paid 250 to creditors on account. 4.Paid an attorney 900 for reviewing the July 3 contract with KXMD. (Record as Miscellaneous Expense.) 5.Purchased office equipment on account from Office Mart, 7,500. 8.Paid for a newspaper advertisement, 200. 11.Received 1,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a party. 13.Paid 700 to a local audio electronics store for rental of digital recording equipment. 14.Paid wages of 1,200 to receptionist and part-time assistant. Enter the following transactions on Page 2 of the two-column journal: 16.Received 2,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a wedding reception. 18.Purchased supplies on account, 850. July 21. Paid 620 to Upload Music for use of its current music demos in making various music sets. 22.Paid 800 to a local radio station to advertise the services of PS Music twice daily for the remainder of July. 23.Served as disc jockey for a party for 2,500. Received 750, with the remainder due August 4, 2019. 27.Paid electric bill, 915. 28.Paid wages of 1,200 to receptionist and part-time assistant. 29.Paid miscellaneous expenses, 540. 30.Served as a disc jockey for a charity ball for 1,500. Received 500, with the remainder due on August 9, 2019. 31.Received 3,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a party. 31.Paid 1,400 royalties (music expense) to National Music Clearing for use of various artists music during July. 31.Withdrew 1,250 cash from PS Music for personal use. PS Musics chart of accounts and the balance of accounts as of July 1, 2019 (all normal balances), are as follows: Instructions 1. Enter the July 1, 2019, account balances in the appropriate balance column of a four-column account. Write Balance in the Item column and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. (Hint: Verify the equality of the debit and credit balances in the ledger before proceeding with the next instruction.) 2. Analyze and journalize each transaction in a two-column journal beginning on Page 1, omitting journal entry explanations. 3. Post the journal to the ledger, extending the account balance to the appropriate balance column after each posting. 4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance as of July 31, 2019.arrow_forwardThe transactions completed by PS Music during June 2019 were described at the end of Chapter 1. The following transactions were completed during July, the second month of the business's operations: July 1. Peyton Smith made an additional investment in PS Music by depositing 5,000 in PS Music's checking account. 1. Instead of continuing to share office space with a local real estate agency, Peyton decided to rent office space near a local music: store. Paid rent for July, 1,750. 1. Paid a premium of 2,700 for a comprehensive insurance policy covering liability, theft, and fire. The policy covers a one-year period. 2. Received 1,000 cash from customers on account. 3. On behalf of PS Music, Peyton signed a contract with a local radio station, KXMD, to provide guest spots for the next three months. The contract requires PS Music to provide a guest disc jockey for SO hours per month for a monthly fee of 3,600. Any additional hours beyond SO will be billed to KXMD at 40 per hour. In accordance with the contract, Peyton received 7,200 from KXMD as an advance payment for the first two months. 3. Paid 250 to creditors on account. 4. Paid an attorney 900 for reviewing the July 3 contract with KXMD. (Record as Miscellaneous Expense.) 5. Purchased office equipment on account from Office Mart, 7,500. 8. Paid for a newspaper advertisement, 200. 11. Received 1,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a party. 13. Paid 700 to a local audio electronics store for rental of digital recording equipment. 11. Paid wages of 1,200 to receptionist and part-time assistant. Enter the following transactions on Page 2 of the two-column journal: 16. Received 2,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a wedding reception. 18. Purchased supplies on account, 850. July 21. Paid 620 to Upload Music for use of its current music demos in making various music sets. 22. Paid 800 to a local radio station to advertise the services of PS Music twice daily for the remainder of July. 23. Served as disc jockey for a party for 2,500. Received 750, with the remainder due August 4, 2019. 27. Paid electric bill, 915. 28. Paid wages of 1,200 to receptionist and part-time assistant. 29. Paid miscellaneous expenses, 540. 30. Served as a disc jockey for a charity ball for 1,500. Received 500, with the remainder due on August 9, 2019. 31. Received 3,000 for serving as a disc jockey for a party. 31. Paid 1,400 royalties (music expense) to National Music Clearing for use of various artists' music during July. 31. Withdrew l,250 cash from PS Music for personal use. PS Music's chart of accounts and the balance of accounts as of July 1, 2019 (all normal balances), are as follows: 11 Cash 3,920 12 Accounts receivable 1,000 14 Supplies 170 15 Prepaid insurance 17 Office Equipment 21 Accounts payable 250 23 Unearned Revenue 31 Peyton smith, Drawing 4,000 32 Fees Earned 500 41 Wages Expense 6,200 50 Office Rent Expense 400 51 Equipment Rent Expense 800 52 Utilities Expense 675 53 Supplies Expense 300 54 music Expense 1,590 55 Advertising Expense 500 56 Supplies Expense 180 59 Miscellaneous Expense 415 Instructions 1.Enter the July 1, 2019, account balances in the appropriate balance column of a four-column account. Write Balance in the Item column and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. (Hint: Verify the equality of the debit and credit balances in the ledger before proceeding with the next instruction.) 2.Analyze and journalize each transaction in a two-column journal beginning on Page 1, omitting journal entry explanations. 3.Post the journal to the ledger, extending the account balance to the appropriate balance column after each posting. 4.Prepare an unadjusted trial balance as of July 31, 2019.arrow_forwardSelected accounts from the ledger of Restoration Arts for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2019, are as follows: Prepare a statement of owners equity for the year.arrow_forward
- Worksheet Victoria Company has the following account balances on December 31, 2019, prior to any adjustments: Additional adjustment information: (a) depreciation on buildings, 1,100; on equipment, 600; (b) bad debts expense, 240; (c) interest accumulated but not paid: on note payable, 50; on mortgage payable, 530 (this interest is due during the next accounting period); (d) insurance expired, 175; (e) salaries accrued but not paid 370; (f) rent was collected in advance and the performance obligation is now satisfied, 800; (g) office supplies cm hand at year-end, 230 (expensed when originally purchased earlier in the year); and (h) the income tax rate is 30% on current income and is payable in the first quarter of 2020. Required: 1. Transfer the account balances to a 10-column worksheet and prepare a trial balance. 2. Prepare the adjusting entries in the general journal and complete the worksheet. 3. Prepare the companys income statement, retained earnings statement, and balance sheet. 4. Prepare closing entries in the general journal.arrow_forwardWe-Sell Realty, organized August 1, 2019, is owned and operated by Omar Farah. How many errors can you find in the following statements for We-Sell Realty, prepared after its first month of operations?arrow_forward
- Intermediate Accounting: Reporting And AnalysisAccountingISBN:9781337788281Author:James M. Wahlen, Jefferson P. Jones, Donald PagachPublisher:Cengage LearningFinancial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337272124Author:Carl Warren, James M. Reeve, Jonathan DuchacPublisher:Cengage LearningAccountingAccountingISBN:9781337272094Author:WARREN, Carl S., Reeve, James M., Duchac, Jonathan E.Publisher:Cengage Learning,