Biology: Life on Earth
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321729712
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings
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Chapter 4, Problem 2AC
Summary Introduction
To review:
The role of cytoskeleton in plant cells.
Introduction:
The cytoskeleton comprises three types of proteins—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. In plants, the cells have a cell wall which gives shape to the cell and provides most of the structural support, but the cytoskeleton serves various other functions.
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In plants, the cell wall forms as a young plant cell secretes polysaccharides onto the outer surface of its plasma membrane. Being thin and pliable, this primary wall allows the cell to enlarge and change shape. At maturity, cells in some plant tissues deposit material onto the primary wall’s inner surface. Why doesn’t this secondary wall form on the outer surface of the primary wall?
if you visualize the cytoskeleton of a cell that is expanding in one direction, you typically observed a strong orientation of the cytoskeleton. Please answer the following three questions.
a. Would the cytoskeleton be oriented parallel or perpendicular to the direction of cell expansion?
b. Would the cellulose fibers in the cell wall be parallel or perpendicular to the cytoskeleton?
c. Explain why cytoskeleton, cellulose fibers, and direction of cell expansion have the relationship mentioned in a and b?
1) Why can cell membranes be polar? What does polar mean?
2) What are the basic cytoskeletal components of a cell? What does an animal cell have that no other cell has in the cytoskeleton?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
Ch. 4 - The plasma membrane is composed of two major types...Ch. 4 - Fill-in-the-Blank The_______ is composed of a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3FTBCh. 4 - 4. Antibody proteins are synthesized on ribosomes...Ch. 4 - After each description, fill in the appropriate...Ch. 4 - Two organelles that are believed to have evolved...Ch. 4 - 7. What structure in bacterial cells is composed...Ch. 4 - 1. What are the three principles of the cell...Ch. 4 - 2. Which cytoplasmic structures are common to both...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3RQ
Ch. 4 - Describe the nucleus and the function of each of...Ch. 4 - What are the functions of mitochondria and...Ch. 4 - What is the function of ribosomes? Where in the...Ch. 4 - Describe the structure and function of the...Ch. 4 - 8. How are lysosomes formed? What is their...Ch. 4 - 9. Diagram the structure of eukaryotic cilia and...Ch. 4 - List the structures of bacterial cells that have...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1ACCh. 4 - Prob. 2ACCh. 4 - What problems would an enormous round cell...
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- In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are a least two examples of this concept?arrow_forwardWhy is it advantageous for the cell membrane to be fluid in nature?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?arrow_forward
- Give the respective structural descriptions and functions of the following: 1. Cell Membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Nucleolus 4. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Nuclear Membrane 7. Mitochondria 8. Golgi Apparatus 9. Cytoskeletonarrow_forwardEach compartment of the endomembrane system of a cell is connected to the plasma membrane. Create a simple diagram of a cell including the RER, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, and the plasma membrane. Starting with the RER, use two different colors to represent the inner and outer halves of the bilayer for each of these membranes. What do you observe?arrow_forwardThe endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are both membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Which statement describes one way in which the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus work together? The Golgi apparatus assembles mRNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum translates them into proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum assembles mRNA molecules, and the Golgi apparatus translates them into proteins. The Golgi apparatus assembles proteins, and the endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages them. The endoplasmic reticulum assembles proteins and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages them.arrow_forward
- In addition to providing support, the cytoskeleton immobilizes enzymes and moves organelles to suitable positions in the cytoplasm. What advantage do these circumstances have over allowing the cell contents to freely diffuse in the cytoplasm?arrow_forwardMark the following statements about the cytoskeleton as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.a. _____ Actin filaments combine with myosin motor proteins to provide the cell with mechanical strength.b. _____ The cilia found on sperm cells propel the cells through a liquid medium.c. _____ Microtubules are hollow tubes that align organelles and shuttle them to their proper places in the cell.d. _____ Intermediate filaments are ropelike structures composed of tubulin proteins.e. _____ Centrioles are part of the centrosome from which microtubules originate.f. _____ Endocytosis, exocytosis, muscle cell contraction, and cellular “crawling” are all mediated by intermediate filamentsarrow_forwardThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus are two organelles that are not physically joined, yet materials can still be exchanged between them. How can materials, such as proteins, move between the ER and Golgi when these organelles are not touching each other? A) When a substance such as a protein needs to move between these organelles, it is first dismantled in one organelle, then reassembled when it arrives at the other organelle. B) Substances such as proteins can travel between these organelles within transport vesicles. C) None of these; a single molecule will not go from one organelle to another. D) Substances like proteins will move between these organelles by diffusion through the cytoplasm. ..arrow_forward
- In addition to providing support, the cytoskeleton immobilizes enzymes and organelles in the cytoplasm. What advantage does this immobilization have over allowing the cellcontents to freely diffuse in the cytoplasm?arrow_forwardThe physical characteristics of a cell influence how it functions. For example, the surface area and volume of a cell affect how efficiently waste is removed from the cell via diffusion. The table below shows data for four different cuboidal cells. Cuboidal cell Side length (um) Cell A 1 Cell B Cell C Cell D Surface area of a cube: A = 6s2 Volume of a cube: V = s3 Using the information from the table, what is the surface-area-to-volume ratio for the cuboidal cell that removes waste via diffusion most efficiently? -1 um 2. 4.arrow_forwardCell in the pancreas produce insulin, a protein made to control glucose levels in blood stream. Therefore, which organell would be in larger quantities due to a pancreas cell's function? A Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum B) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondrion Lysosomearrow_forward
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