Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 35, Problem 1FFT
Summary Introduction
To give: An evidence for the presence of acquired immunity in invertebrates.
Introduction: The immune system is a complex system essential for the survival of humans. The leukocytes or white blood cells are the immune cells that protect the body from foreign invaders. Lymphocytes are a class of leukocytes that includes natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells.
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Sponges display nonspecific immunity. In an experiment, the cells of two different sponges were mixed and placed within a petri dish. The cells from each sponge sorted and arranged themselves together according to organism. What does this characteristic demonstrate?
A. Sponges have memory T-cells and share a more recent common ancestor with vertebrates than other invertebrates.
B. The experiment provides evidence for the speed of evolution and the use of specific immunity within the organism.
C. Sponges have an ability to recognize their own cells as a characteristic of acquired immunity.
D. Sharing genetic information from cell to cell is possible by means of receptors and protein-lined pits.
Give an example of immunological memory in invertebrates.
Consider that the Herd Immunity Threshold is dependent on the reproduction number for an infectious disease. The combination of herd immunity and quarantines were highly effective for eradicating smallpox. What is different about the symptoms of polio infection that makes quarantining infected individuals much more difficult?
Chapter 35 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 35 - Distinguish susceptibility from resistance, and...Ch. 35 - Prob. 2RQCh. 35 - After a phagocyte has engulfed a particle, what...Ch. 35 - Prob. 4RQCh. 35 - What is the molecular basis of self and nonself...Ch. 35 - Prob. 6RQCh. 35 - Prob. 7RQCh. 35 - Prob. 8RQCh. 35 - Prob. 9RQCh. 35 - Prob. 10RQ
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- Compare invertebrate and mammalian immune defenses.arrow_forwardHIV can be treated with therapy, but there is a growing in the level of innate immune activation despite control of T cells and a negligible viral load. Explain why you think this may happen?arrow_forwardAntibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity would be an important adaptive immune response to which of the following? Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices A dog infected with heartworms A human adult infected with a virus A pet rabbit with a fungal infection A child infected with Ascaris hookwormsarrow_forward
- Imagine a new viral infection has emerged in the southwestern U.S. The virus has distinct surface properties such that prior infections with other viruses is not providing immunity against this virus and it starts to spread rapidly. Diagram and/or describe the major steps of immune response to infection by this virus. Include both the innate and adaptive immune responses. How do antibodies help block viral infection? Once the virus enters a cell it is no longer accessible to antibodies or immune cells. What type of T cells are most important for this stage of infection? How do these T cells recognize infected cells and stop the infection?arrow_forwardSome primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forwardIn HIV, helper T cells are affected. Describe how this impacts both the humoral and cell- mediated immune system. Why would an ordinary cold virus be dangerous to an AIDS patient?arrow_forward
- Discuss three levels of defense that the vertebrate immune system is comprised of.arrow_forwardBoth antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforinsarrow_forward1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:arrow_forward
- In the table below, identify the type of acquired immunity represented in each of the cases described. Use the information in the figure below to answer this question. Case A 3 C D Case Someone has recovered from an infection with measles virus and is now immune to the virus. Someone is vaccinated against poliovirus A newborn is immune to a disease that his mother had recovered from earlier. A patient is injected with immune serum to protect her against hepatitis B virus. Naturally acquired Adaptive immunity Type of Acquired Immunity Artificially acquiredarrow_forwardViruses have countered the specific immune defense systems by developing “disabling” or “evasion” strategies at various levels of the immune response. Identify and explain twoarrow_forwardGiven what you now know about how foreign invaders trigger immune responses, explain why mutated forms of viruses, which have altered surface proteins, pose a monitoring problem for a person’s memory cells.arrow_forward
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