Biology: How Life Works
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319017637
Author: James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Melissa Michael, Robert Lue, Andrew Berry, Andrew Biewener, Brian Farrell, N. Michele Holbrook
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
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Chapter 34.3, Problem 7SAQ
Summary Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a chronic illness of the central nervous system (CNS). In general, MS is unpredictable and leads to nerve damage. As a result, communication between the brain and the body is disrupted. Symptoms of MS include pain, vision loss, and impaired coordination.
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Cystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the
myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons.
Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal
function?
A
B
C
D
an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal
a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons
an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons
an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendrites
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding
neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and
poor muscle coordination.
What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission?
Select one:
The movement of impulses along neurons is
slower than normal.
Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine,
therefore impulses are not generated in neurons.
The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is
greater than normal.
Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore
impulses are not able to travel across synapses.
O
Demyelination is the loss of myelin from neurones that are normally myelinated. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which demyelination occurs in neurones involved in coordinating muscle movement.
Using your knowledge of nerve impulse generation and propagation, explain how nerve impulse generation and propagation would be affected in people who have multiple sclerosis. The explanation needs to be in the form of a step by step sequence of annotated drawings. This could be in the form of an annotated cartoon/picture strip. Compare this to nerve impulse generation and propagation in an individual who does not have multiple sclerosis.
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- Schwann cells are a type of glial cell found in the nervous system. In addition to the conduction of nerve impulses, the outermost layer called neurilemma aids in nerve development and regeneration. Which of the following explains why the neurons in the brain cannot repair damage like the neurons in your hands or feet can?arrow_forwardMultiple sclerosis is a disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells. What effect would you expect the loss of myelin to have onthe speed of nerve impulses?arrow_forwardMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition in which neurons in the CNS become demyelinated. Why do you think a NCV (nerve conduction velocity) test is not useful in diagnosing MS?arrow_forward
- Schwann cells are a type of glial cell found in the nervous system. In addition to the conduction of nerve impulses, the outermost layer called neurilemma aids in nerve development and regeneration. Which of the following explains why the neurons in the brain cannot repair damage like the neurons in your hands or feet can? a. Neurons in the central nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. b. Neurons in the peripheral nervous system are surrounded by grey matter. c. Axons of the peripheral nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. d. Neurons in the central nervous system are surrounded by white matter.arrow_forwardNeuron A is an inhibitory neuron that is activated when the person feels heat in the tip of their index finger. Neuron A sends signals to neuron B (the postsynaptic neuron). First consider how a stimulus impacts the firing rate of neuron A. For example, when the person touches ice with their index finger vs. when the person touches a hot cup of coffee with their index finger? How would each of these impact the frequency of action potentials, the size of action potentials and the amount of neurotransmitter released. Second, consider Drug-D that causes all sodium channels in neurons to close immediately. How would taking Drug-D affect the firing rate of neuron A when the person touches a hot pan? In turn, how would this affect the firing rate of post-synaptic neuron B? Rubric: Impact of heat on A Impact of ice on A ( Impact of drug X on A Impact of drug X on B 1arrow_forwardA new drug is developed that prevents the demyelination occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. These cells are most likely which of the following? (A) Astrocyte (B) Ependymal cell (C) Microglial cell Oligodendrocyte (E) Schwann cellarrow_forward
- Which of the following glial cells provide myelin in the central nervous system?arrow_forwardIn multiple sclerosis, nerve fibers in the CNS lose their myelin. Explain why this loss affects skeletal muscle function.arrow_forwardA general principle of physiology states that homeostasis is essential for health and survival. In what ways might the presence of myelincontribute to homeostasis?arrow_forward
- Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which theimmune system attacks and destroys the myelin sheath surroundingnerve cells. What effect would you expect the loss of myelin tohave on the speed of nerve impulses?arrow_forwardIf you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? Hyper-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily Hypo-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons not to fire as readily Less sodium is pumped out of the cell, slowing down return to the resting state Sodium ions are toxic to neurons, leading to cell proliferationarrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding the difference between graded and action potentials? a.) Action potential occur only when the surface of the neuron is myelinated, but graded potentials occur in both in both myelinated and non-myelinated neurons. b.) The magnitude of action potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas graded potentials are all or none. c.) The magnitude of graded potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are all or none.arrow_forward
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