Concept explainers
Some pathogens invade cells; others invade tissue spaces. Explain how innate responses differ for both types of pathogens.
The capability of the body to protect against entire types of foreign materials or bodies including virus, bacteria, toxic substance that enters the body is called immunity. Immunity is categorized into two types, natural or innate or nonspecific and adaptive or acquired immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against any foreign bodies including microbes, encounter by the host.
Explanation of Solution
The innate or nonspecific response differs between pathogen invading tissue spaces (intracellular) and pathogen invading cells (extracellular). The pathogen that invades cells, generally the host cells are killed through phagocytosis by leukocytes in the localized area, whether by the natural killer or NK cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells. The complement can also lyse them or mark pathogen itself. The extracellular bacteria can also be killed by lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides (defensins).
The pathogen that invades tissue spaces is countered with inflammation. The temperature at that area is increased by the leakage of blood into tissue space by stimulating an inflammatory response and it also inhibits the growth of microbes. A fibrin clot is formed frequently, and it may also limit the invaders spreading. The intracellular pathogens can prevent the several mechanisms that performed by the extracellular pathogens. Cells which is infected in placed into an antiviral state through the release of interferon, either paracrine or autocrine. Generally, the inflammatory response is activated against both extracellular and intracellular invaders.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 33 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
- Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?arrow_forwardDescribe the nonspecific response to infectionarrow_forwardThe effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent. In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?arrow_forward
- What are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I Interferonarrow_forwardDuring the innate immunity response, which of the following pathogen types would you expect to be treated more similarly: helminths and viruses or extracellular bacteria and fungi? Why?arrow_forwardDescribe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.arrow_forward
- Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular (endogenous) and extracellular(exogenous) pathogens.arrow_forwardThe correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has gotten by the physical and chemical barriers is: À) Skin, Saliva, Cytokines, Macrophage B)Macrophage, Cytokines, Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell C) Neutrophil, Cytokines, Killer T Cell, Antibodies D) Antigen, Macrophage, B Cell, Killer T Cellarrow_forwardBoth antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforinsarrow_forward
- Describe how the principle of herd immunity works to protect unvaccinated individuals. What characteristics of the pathogen or of the host do you think would most impact the degree to which this principle begins to take hold?arrow_forwardWhat term describes microbial molecules of pathogens such as peptidoglycan and LPS that can trigger the innate immune system to respond? O 1) PAMP O 2) epitope O 3) antigen O 4) haptenarrow_forwardSelect all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. a) Group of answer choices b) Attracting natural killer cells to destroy an infected cell. c) Blocking the ability of a pathogen to bind to a host cell d) Lysing a pathogen cell wall or lipid bilayer. e) Marking a pathogen so that innate immune cells destroy the pathogen. f) Helping complement proteins bind to a pathogen.arrow_forward
- Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning