BIOLOGY ACCESS
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781264753314
Author: Mader
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 30, Problem 4TC
Chimpanzees and humans obviously look and act very differently, but their genomes are remarkably similar. What types of mechanisms could explain how small differences in genotype can result in such large differences in
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding Hox genes.
A) The sequence they appear in their corresponding chromosomes is the same order of their expression along the front to back of the developing animal.
B) Homologues of the same Hox genes found in flies can be found in humans.
C) Hox genes are only found in animals with bilateral symmetry.
D) Animals with more complex body plans tend to have more sets of Hox genes through gene duplication events.
Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.
Hox genes are activated in specific regions of the body (e.g. back of the head) and activate other genes to build specific structures in those regions. This was largely discovered by looking at the effects of mutants of the various hox genes. What other technique would provide information on the action of hox genes?
Group of answer choices
A. copy hox genes and place them in bacteria
B. copy hox genes and place them in plants
C. completely remove all hox genes from the genome
D. change the control of hox genes so that they are expressed in different body regions
E. reverse the order of the hox genes on the chromosome
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- For each of the following, identify whether the statement about Hox genes is true for Drosophila only, vertebrates only, or both Drosophila and vertebrates. Hox genes are present in the genome. Both Drosophila and vertebrat v Different hox genes are expressed in [Choose ] body segments along the anterior- posterior body axis. Duplication has resulted in several hox [Choose] gene clusters in the genome. Hox genes are expressed after gap [Choose ] genes and pair-rule genes.arrow_forwardMany animals have the p53 gene that makes a protein that regulates the cell cycle and helps prevent the formation of cancer cells. The table below shows the percentage of p53 gene sequences that the 4 species have when compared to humans. Species Percentage of p53 Gene Sequence Similar to Human Human 100 Horse 60.7 Fruit Fly 15.5 Rat 76.8 Pig 81.3 Which organism in the table is most closely related to humans based on this data? pig horse fruit fly rat 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardA form of dwarfism known as Ellis–van Creveld syndrome was first discovered in the late 1930s, when Richard Ellis and Simon van Creveld shared a train compartment on the way to a pediatrics meeting. In the course of conversation, they discovered that they each had a patient with this syndrome. They published a description of the syndrome in 1940. Affected individuals have a short-limbed form of dwarfism and often have defects of the lips and teeth, and polydactyly (extra fingers). The largest pedigree for the condition was reported in an Old Order Amish population in eastern Pennsylvania by Victor McKusick and his colleagues (1964). In that community, about 5 per 1000 births are affected, and in the population of 8000, the observed frequency is 2 per 1000. All affected individuals have unaffected parents, and all affected cases can trace their ancestry to Samuel King and his wife, who arrived in the area in 1774. It is known that neither King nor his wife was affected with the…arrow_forward
- How are the mammalian Hox genes related to the homeotic genes of Drosophila? How do the Hox genes contribute to morphological diversity in vertebrates, give an example.arrow_forwardWhich gene family was found to control the development and differentiation of limbs in vertebrate lineages? A) Hox B) Sonic hedgehog C) Noggin D) Eyelessarrow_forwarda) Explain how it can be the case that mutating a Homeobox containing gene has a large impact on the morphology of some trait, even though the evolution of that trait involved no changes in that gene. b) Explain how, even though they rarely change themselves, certain patterns of expression of Homeobox and MADS box containing genes facilitate morphological diversification in animals and plants.arrow_forward
- A graduate student performing studies on mutations in drosophila (fruit flies) discovered a strain of flies with a silent mutation in the gene controlling the shape of the wings. Further investigation has shown that this mutation is lethal in flies who are homozygote. Flies that are homozygote wild type or heterozygote can develop and are able to survive. What is a silent mutation (in your own words) and propose a hypothesis that could explain these observations using concepts learned. (a hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on an observation or observations)arrow_forwardIn social insects, colonies often consist of a queen and workers. The workers are typicallydaughters of the queen. The queen is the only reproductive individual—the workers aresterile. a) According to Hamiton’s rule, what is the maximum ratio of cost to benefit (C/B) for theworkers in order for this system to evolve?b) Some colonies of ants have multiple queens, which can be related to different degrees.Imagine that two sisters start a colony, so that they are the mother or aunt to allworkers. What is the maximum ratio of cost to benefit (C/B) for the workers to sacrificefor their aunts?arrow_forward6) The lens of the vertebrate eye develops only after the head ectoderm comes in contact with the optic cup. This is an example of A) Determination B) Differentiation C) Pattern formation D) Induction 5) The evolutionary process most likely to account for the fixation of neutral or even non-adaptive genes or gene combinations in small populations is called A) Darwinian selection B) Recombination C) Mutation D) Genetic driftarrow_forward
- Which of the following best explains the number of similarities between the amino acid sequences of the Drosophila Hedgehog protein and the Chicken Indian Hedgehog protein? O A. The Drosophila hedgehog gene evolved from hedgehogs, which are distantly related to birds. O B. Both genes evolved from a gene present in the last common ancestor of Drosphila and chickens, and the number of differences reflects the amount of time that has elapsed during the evolution of these two lineages. a During the evolution of Drosophila and chickens, a hedgehog like gene arose independently in each lineage, then the gene that arose in chickens diversified. A These genes are unrelated, and the fact that they are similar is only because the proteins need to have similar biochemical properties. They are unrelated because chickens don't have segments and Drosophila larvae don't have limb buds.arrow_forwardAlbinism in humans can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes. This situation, in which the same phenotype may result from variation in several different genes, is referred to as genetic heterogeneity. Is genetic heterogeneity common? Are most genetic traits in humans the result of variation in a single gene, or are there many genetic traits that result from variation in several genes, as albinism does?arrow_forwardMatch the term that best describes the different groups of primates. a)Gibbons and Siamangs b)Gorillas c)Bonobos d)Lemurs and Lorises e)Marmosets CHOOSE Small bodied apes that are mostly brachiators type of new world monkey with the ancestral trait of retained claws largest primates that are primarily vegetarian morphologically similar to chimpanzees; copulate throught female estrus cycle the primates with the most ancestral/ primitive traitsarrow_forward
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