Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The ratio of electrostatic energy between the given charges and the ratio of distance in the given statements should be calculated by using the concept of electrostatic energy.
Concept Introduction:
Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat where work is the movement of a body using some force. The SI unit of energy is joule (
Electrostatic energy is the potential energy which results from the interaction of charged particles. Oppositely charged particles attract each other and like particles charges repel each other. The magnitude of the resulting electrostatic potential energy is directly proportional to the product of the two charges (
If the charges
(b)
Interpretation:
The ratio of electrostatic energy between the given charges and the ratio of distance in the given statements should be calculated by using the concept of electrostatic energy.
Concept Introduction:
Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat where work is the movement of a body using some force. The SI unit of energy is joule (
Electrostatic energy is the potential energy which results from the interaction of charged particles. Oppositely charged particles attract each other and like particles charges repel each other. The magnitude of the resulting electrostatic potential energy is directly proportional to the product of the two charges (
If the charges
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Chemistry: Atoms First
- The ionization energy of lithium is 520.2 kJ/mole, and the electron affinity of hydrogen is 72.8 kJ/mole.(a) Find the separation distance in LiH at which the Coulomb potential energy equals the energy cost of removing an electron from Li and adding it to H.(b) The measured electric dipole moment of the molecule LiH is 2.00 × 10^−29 C · m. What is the fractional ionic character of LiH?(c) Instead of removing an electron from Li and attaching it to H, we could regard the formation of LiH as occurring by removing an electron from H and attaching it to Li (electron affinity = 59.6 kJ/mole). Why don’t we consider this as the formation process?arrow_forward1. a) Calculate the numerical values of the energies of the first four energy levels in hydrogen in units of both joules (J) and in electron-volts (eV). The first four energy levels are found substituting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 into the equation you found in section (f) above. Show all work. b) Use r = n²ħ²/(e²km) to calculate numerical values for the radii of the first four allowed electron 'orbits' in hydrogen, in units of m. The radius of the 'orbit' closest to the nucleus is called the Bohr radius and is given the symbol ao. (You should notice that each radius is a multiple of the Bohr radius, ie. when n = 1 then r = ao, if n = 2 then r = 2² ao, at n = 3 then r = 9 ao, etc.) 1 2 3 4 c) Summarize your numerical results in the following table; Quantum number n Radius of electron's 'orbit' (m) Electron Energy (J) Electron Energy (eV)arrow_forwardAt large interatomic separations, an alkali halide moleculeMX has a lower energy as two neutral atoms, M + X; atshort separations, the ionic form (M+)(X-) has a lowerenergy. At a certain distance, Rc, the energies of the twoforms become equal, and it is near this distance that theelectron will jump from the metal to the halogen atom during a collision. Because the forces between neutral atomsare weak at large distances, a reasonably good approximation can be made by ignoring any variation in potentialV(R) for the neutral atoms between Rc and R - `. For theions in this distance range, V(R) is dominated by theirCoulomb attraction.(a) Express Rc for the first ionization energy of the metalM and the electron affinity of the halogen X.(b) Calculate Rc for LiF, KBr, and NaCl using data fromAppendix F.arrow_forward
- 2) The ionization energy of potassium is 4.34 eV; the electron affinity of iodine is 3.06 eV. At what separation distance will the KI molecule gain enough Coulomb energy to overcome the energy needed to form the K+ and I ions?arrow_forward(c) The standard enthalpy of formation of O(g) is 249 kJ/mol. Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the electromagnetic radiation with the minimum amount of energy required for dissociation of one molecule of oxygen gas.arrow_forward(a) Calculate the energy in joules of a 3.23 g object moving at a speed of 713 m/s.Ek = J(b) Determine how much greater the electrostatic energy is between charges of +2 and −2 than it is between charges of +1 and −1 (assume that the distance between the charges is the same in each case).1.5 times2.0 times2.5 times3.0 times3.5 times4.0 times4.5 times5.0 timesarrow_forward
- 10. Consider two hydrogen atoms. The electron in the first one is in n=1 state, whereas in the second the electron is in the n=3 state. (a) which atom is in the ground state configuration? Why? (b) Which orbital has a larger radius? (c) Which electron is moving faster and why? (d) Which electron has a lower potential energy? (e) Which atom has higher ionization energy? Hint: assume that the radius of the n=3 orbital is =5 rBarrow_forwardA fundamental relationship of electrostatics states that the en-ergy required to separate opposite charges of magnitudes Q1and Q2 that are the distance dapart is proportional to Q1XQ2/d .Use this relationship and any other factors to explain the fol-lowing observations: (a) the IE₂ of He (Z=2) is morethantwice the IE₁ of H (Z=1); (b) the IE₁ of He is less than twice the IE₁ of H.arrow_forwardThe sum of IE1through IE₄ for Group 4A(14) elements shows a decrease from C to Si, a slight increase from Si to Ge, adecrease from Ge to Sn, and an increase from Sn to Pb. (a) What is the expected trend for IEs down a group? (b) Suggest a reason for the deviations in Group 4A(14).(c) Which group might show even greater deviations?arrow_forward
- (a) How does the Bohr model differ from the quantum mechanical model of the atom? Describe at least 2 differences.(b) Define each of the 4 quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) and what they physically represent about the orbital and/or electron.(d) How many quantum numbers are needed to completely define a specific orbital? Provide the quantum numbers for the 2s orbital.(d) How many quantum numbers are needed to completely define a specific electron? Provide the quantum numbers for the second electron to fill into a 2s orbital.arrow_forwardConsider these ground-state ionization energies of one-electron species:H=1.31X10³kJ/mol ,He⁺=5.24X10³kJ/mol Li²⁺=1.41X10⁴kJ/mol (a) Write a general expression for the ionization energy of anyone-electron species. (b) Use your expression to calculate theionization energy of B⁴⁺. (c) What is the minimum wavelengthrequired to remove the electron from the n=3 level of He⁺?(d) What is the minimum wavelength required to remove the electron from the n=2 level of Be³⁺?arrow_forwardThe experimentally determinded Bi-Cl bond distance in bismuth trichloride is 2.48Å . Given the tablulated value of 0.99Å for the atomic radius of Cl, predict the atomic radius of Bi?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning