BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260670929
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 29, Problem 6WIO
Briefly explain the function of each innate and adaptive defense shown in figure 29.15.
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When surface barriers protecting the body are breached, the second line of defense (of the innate immune system) is activated. These internal defenses include inflammation and phagocytosis amongst other quick responses. Briefly explain acute inflammation in terms of vascular and cellular events. Use your understanding of blood vessels (smooth muscle and endothelial cells), chemical signalling and the interstitial space to help explain the four signs of inflammation - heat, redness, pain and swelling.
Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?
Explain the adaptive defense system
Chapter 29 Solutions
BIOLOGY:THE ESSENTIALS (LL) W/CONNECT
Ch. 29.1 - List the cell types that participate in the bodys...Ch. 29.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 29.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 29.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 29.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 29.2 - Describe the external barriers to infection.Ch. 29.2 - Prob. 3MCCh. 29.2 - Prob. 4MCCh. 29.2 - Prob. 5MCCh. 29.3 - Prob. 1MC
Ch. 29.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 29.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 29.3 - Prob. 4MCCh. 29.3 - Prob. 5MCCh. 29.4 - What is a vaccine?Ch. 29.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 29.4 - Prob. 3MCCh. 29.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 29.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 29.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 29 - Prob. 1MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 29 - During the humoral immune response, a. B cells...Ch. 29 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 29 - How do vaccines prevent infectious disease? a. By...Ch. 29 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 29 - Prob. 1WIOCh. 29 - Explain why a scraped knee increases the chance...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 4WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 5WIOCh. 29 - Briefly explain the function of each innate and...Ch. 29 - What do a plasma cell and a memory cell descended...Ch. 29 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 9WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 10WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 11WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 12WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 13WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 14WIOCh. 29 - Prob. 1SLCh. 29 - Review the survey the Landscape figure in the...Ch. 29 - Add memory B cells, plasma cells, memory cytotoxic...Ch. 29 - Prob. 3PITCh. 29 - Prob. 4PIT
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- Is this statement is correct or incorrect. Explain with reason and related physiological concepts. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can be found on the plasma membrane of macrophages.arrow_forwardNeutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardFigure shows a series of events for the response in innate immune defense. a)State ONE main event happening in J in fighting pathogens. b)Natural killer cell has the ability to kill virus-infected cells and tumour cells rapidly. How do natural killer cells in event K recognise and kill these cells?arrow_forward
- The alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin in the presence of pathogens. The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because: The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is much more active than those of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway works as a soluble enzyme in the plasma. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway cannot be inactivated by complement regulatory factors in the host. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is more efficiently recruited to pathogen surfaces than the C3 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway contains C3b, and can generate more of itself.arrow_forwardDefine constitutive defensearrow_forwardList the various types of Human defense mechanisms (Specific and Non-specific) WITH examples for each.arrow_forward
- In the process shown in Diagram 2, what performs the function most similar to that of the activated T cell in Diagram 1?arrow_forwardExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?arrow_forwardpicture 1 shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to a laser-induced injury in the ear of a mouse. As you can observe from the video, there are three stages to this process: 1) an initial phase characterized by fast recruitment of neutrophils (red) to the site of injury followed by 2) the slower recruitment of macrophages after which 3) the interaction between both cell types is stabilized. Recruitment to the injury site is mediated by leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent immune signaling molecule (Figure 1A). LTB4 binds to BLT1, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), activating various signaling pathways and resulting in immune cell migration to the site of injury (Figure 1B). With this background information and your knowledge of cell and molecular biology, describe in detail in your own words, as many molecular processes as you can identify that must take place for the cell migration process depicted in the video to be achieved. For…arrow_forward
- The innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders. Explain two ways that the innate immune system is able to detect these foreign invaders to allow a response to be mounted.arrow_forwardExplain the innate defense systemarrow_forwardDetail how innate defense differs from adaptive defensearrow_forward
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