Organic Chemistry - Standalone book
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780073511214
Author: Francis A Carey Dr., Robert M. Giuliano
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 28, Problem 27P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The structural features of linear low-density polyethylene have to be stated.
Concept introduction:
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Concerning the polymers produced from monomers containing a single C=C double bond, the following generalizations are apparent:
(a) The polymers produced are almost always unsubstituted (i.e. ethylene) or have one substituent on the double bond or two substituents on the same carbon atom of the double bond. Monomers containing one or more substituents on each carbon of the double bond seldom polymerize.
(b) Most chain polymerizations are carried out by radical initiation; relatively few are produced by ionic initiation.
Why? Explain the reasons for these generalizations
During our lectures on polymeric materials, I used polyethylene as an example because of its very straightforward structure.
(a.) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as an initiator for the polymerization of ethylene. Draw a diagram of a dissociated hydrogen peroxide molecule which emphasizes the creation of two free radicals (unbonded electrons) that can serve as initiators or as terminators of polymerization.
The ε-caprolactone monomer from which the biopolymer polycaprolactone (PCL) is synthesized is depicted below. (a) What is the monomer's function? (b) What is the polymerization mechanism that results in the formation of PCL? (c) Define/Illustrate the homopolymer's repeating unit provided that the functional group is placed at the hydrocarbon chain's terminal position.
Chapter 28 Solutions
Organic Chemistry - Standalone book
Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 1PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 2PCh. 28.3 - Prob. 3PCh. 28.4 - Prob. 4PCh. 28.7 - Problem 28.5 (a) Write a chemical equation for the...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 6PCh. 28.8 - Prob. 7PCh. 28.9 - Problem 28.8 How will the average chain length of...Ch. 28.9 - Prob. 9PCh. 28.11 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 28.11 - Prob. 11PCh. 28.12 - Prob. 12PCh. 28.13 - Prob. 13PCh. 28.14 - Prob. 14PCh. 28 - Prob. 15PCh. 28 - Prob. 16PCh. 28 - Prob. 17PCh. 28 - Prob. 18PCh. 28 - Prob. 19PCh. 28 - Prob. 20PCh. 28 - Of the following monomers, which one would undergo...Ch. 28 - Prob. 22PCh. 28 - Polymerization of styrene can occur by a...Ch. 28 - Styrene undergoes anionic polymerization at a...Ch. 28 - Prob. 25PCh. 28 - Prob. 26PCh. 28 - Prob. 27PCh. 28 - Prob. 28PCh. 28 - Prob. 29PCh. 28 - Prob. 30PCh. 28 - Prob. 31PCh. 28 - Prob. 32DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 33DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 34DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 35DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 36DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 37DSPCh. 28 - Prob. 38DSP
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- Macromolecules can also be formed from cyclic monomers such as cyclic hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, amides, siloxanes, and sulfur (eight-membered ring). Thus, ring-opening polymerization is of particular interest, since macromolecules of almost any chemical structure can be prepared. Choose two of the above type polymers to explain the mechanism and chemical reaction of polymerization process.arrow_forwardHigh density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density (LDPE) both are made from the same monomer (-CH2-)a one is transparent in appearance and one is whitish in colour. Identify which polymer has the transparent characteristic and which has the whitish colour and explain why such behavior is observed.arrow_forward1. Answer the following questions: (a) Why is free radical polymerization more commonly used today than ionic polymerization? (b) Almost all substituted ethylene monomers of commercial importance have the structure of CH2 = CHR or CH2 = CRR’ (where R or R' represent identical or different substituent groups). Why? (c) What are some methods for the production of conductive polymers? Give a few examples.arrow_forward
- The 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for work on polyacetylenes. Acetylene can be polymerized using a Ziegler–Natta catalyst. The cis or trans stereochemistry of the products can be controlled by careful selection and preparation of the catalyst. The resulting polyacetylene is an electrical semiconductor with a metallic appearance. cis-Polyacetylene has a copper color, and trans-polyacetylene is silver. Draw the structures of cis- and trans-polyacetylene.arrow_forward(A) The polymer known as polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is shown below. +CH;-CH¬ ... C=0 ČH3 1. Draw the structure formula of its monomer. 2. Write chemical equations that describe radical polymerization mechanism by which the PVAC could be prepared. 3. State whether head-to-tail or head-to-head orientation of monomer units in polymer chains predominates. Explain your answer by words and drawing.arrow_forwardNovolac is the linear polymer which on heating with formaldehyde forms cross-linked bakelite. Write the structures of monomers and the polymer novolac.arrow_forward
- Determine the functionality of the following monomer CH₂ CH2 –NH2 HOOC–CH2 – CH2-C-CH2-C=CH, in a reaction that produces ester linkages. in a reaction that produces amide linkages; (i) (ii) (iii) in a free radical addition reaction Give an example of monomer that can be used in each of the above reactions.arrow_forwardA long polymer chain, such as polyethylene ( -CH2CH2- )n, can potentially exist in solution as a chiral object. Give two examples of chiral structures that a polyethylene chain could adopt.arrow_forward(a) A sample of linear polyethylene is dissolved in a large excess of xylene at 130 C, and dilute solution is then slowly cooled. After a while, a fine white suspension is obtained. What does this suspension consist of? (b) If the suspension is filtered and dried, then heated to 170C, and cooled slowly to room temperature, a different type of structure is obtained. Compare and contrast the two different structures.arrow_forward
- Polymers can be cross-linked using a variety of reactions that create connections between different parts of the same polymer chain. Consider the repeat unit of the polystyrene derivative shown below.The homopolymer formed from this monomer has a low ceiling temperature (meaning it readily reverts to its monomers) and is unstable. It can be cross-linked by adding the terephthaloyl chloride (shown below) and AlCl3. Modify the structures provided to draw the result of the reaction of one repeat unit of the polymer with one unit of this cross-linking compound. Do not include lone pairs.arrow_forwardPoly(vinyl alcohol), a hydrophilic polymer used in aqueous adhesives, is made by polymerizing vinyl acetate and then hydrolyzing the ester linkages. Give the structures of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl alcohol)arrow_forward(a) Hard contact lenses, which first became popular in the 1960s, were made by polymerizing methyl methacrylate [CH; =C(CH,)CO,CH3] to form poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Draw the structure of PMMA. (b) More comfortable softer contact lenses introduced in the 1970s were made by polymerizing hydroxyethyl methacrylate [CH2=C{CH)CO,CH,CH2OH] to form poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA). Draw the structure of poly-HEMA. Since neither polymer allows oxygen from the air to pass through to the retina, newer contact lenses that are both comfortable and oxygen-permeable have now been developed.arrow_forward
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