Organic Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780321803221
Author: Paula Y. Bruice
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Chapter 27.2, Problem 4P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the formation of a segment of poly vinyl chloride that contains three units of vinyl chloride and is initiated by hydrogen peroxide should be given.
Concept Introduction:
Monomers combine together to form polymers. Monomers are the repeating units of small molecules which link together to form polymers and the process is called as
Two types of polymers:
- Synthetic and biopolymers.
- DNA is an example for biopolymer and these type of polymers are synthesized by cells.
- Polymers synthesized by scientists are called
synthetic polymers and some examples are nylon, polyester etc.
Two types of synthetic polymers:
- Chain-growth
polymers or addition polymers and Step-growthpolymers or Condensation polymers. - Chain growth polymers are formed by the monomer addition to the end of a growing chain.
- Step-growth polymers are formed by combining monomers by removing small molecules of water or alcohol.
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Chapter 27 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
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- Research in the “unzipping” of poly(vinyl chloride) indicates that certain defects in the polymer contribute to the rate of unzipping. These defects are arrangements of atoms that are different from the arrangements in the repeating unit shown in the condensed formula. Researchers have found that defects involving allylic chlorides and tertiary chlorides, specifically, promote the reaction. Review the mechanism for the unzipping and explain this observation.arrow_forwardShow the differences between the chain-growth and step-growth mechanisms of polymerization.arrow_forwardStyrene can autoinitiate free radical polymerization and form polystyrene in the absence of an initiator. At temperatures >100 °C, radicals form due to homolysis of the T bond in the vinyl group. In the study of this reaction, researchers have found 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane in samples of heated styrene. The following mechanism for the formation of 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane has been proposed: Step 1: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a styrene molecule Step 2: Homolysis of the vinyl T bond in a second styrene molecule Step 3: Tail-to-tail addition of the radicals from Steps 1 and 2 Step 4: Radical coupling of the diradical formed in Step 3 (a) Use curved arrow notation to show the steps in this mechanism. (b) Are the steps in this mechanism consistent with those for free radical polymerization? (c) Why is the use of an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide more efficient in the synthesis of polystyrene than autoinitiated polymerization?arrow_forward
- What is the main reaction and mechanism for the polymerization of styrene? What are the side reactions?arrow_forward2. Obtain an equation describing how the degree of polymerization, which represents the average number of monomer residues in each polymer molecule, changes with time in a condensation polymerization reaction. In this scenario, the reaction follows a rate law given by d[M]/dt = -k[M]3, where [M] signifies the monomer concentration.arrow_forwardList down the factors that affect the cationic polymerization.arrow_forward
- The mechanism given for cationic polymerization of isobutylene shows that all the monomer molecules add with the same orientation, giving a polymerwith methyl groups on alternate carbon atoms of the chain. Explain why no isobutylene molecules add with the opposite orientation.arrow_forward18) please see attachedarrow_forwardMonomers/initators used in free radical polymerization i) What monomer can be used with benzoyl peroxide and under what conditions? ii) What monomer can be used with di-tert-butyl peroxide and under what conditions? iii) What monomer can be used with hydrogen peroxide and under what condition?arrow_forward
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