Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the conversion of
Concept introduction:
The preparation of
The
The
A nucleophile is the Lewis base that donates a pair of an electron to form a covalent bond with the electrophile. An electrophile is the Lewis acid that accepts the electron to form a bond with the nucleophile.
The good leaving groups are the weak base. They can be an anion or neutral molecule.
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY(LL)-W/MASTERINGCHEM.
- In nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions that proceed by the nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism, the reaction rate increases as the electronegativity of the halogen leaving group increases: Ar-I < Ar-Br < Ar-CI < Ar-F. Which step does this suggest is the rate-determining step of the mechanism-the addition step or the elimination step? Explain.arrow_forwardCan the following alkanes (A and B) be synthesized from the same alkene via a hydrogenation reaction? If this is possible, explain your rationale for why and draw the required alkene. If this is not possible, explain your rationale for why and draw the alkenes required to make each product. Clearly label which alkene would provide which alkane product. CI H3C Is it possible? YES or NO CH3 H3C- H- Rationale: H;C- CH2CH3 CI CH2CH3 A В Alkene(s) Structures:arrow_forwardCH3 Ph3P-CHCH3 H3C H3C Aldehydes and ketones are converted into alkenes by means of a direct nucleophilic addition called the Wittig reaction. In the reaction, a triphenylphosphorine ylide, also called a phosphorane, adds to an aldehyde/ketone to give a four-membered cyclic intermediate called an oxaphosphetane. The oxaphosphetane is not isolated but instead spontaneously decomposes to release triphenylphosphine oxide and an alkene. Ph3P-CHCH3 H3C The ylide is formed by reaction of triphenylphosphine, a good nucleophile, with a primary alkyl halide in an S 2 reaction, followed by deprotonation of the carbon with a strong base, such as butyllithium. The carbonyl carbon and the carbon originally bonded to the halogen become the two carbons with the double bond in the product alkene :0: CH3 Com The real value of the Wittig reaction lies in its ability to yield an alkene of predictable structure, as the C-C bond is precisely where the C=O bond was in the reactant and no isomers (other than…arrow_forward
- Alkynes do not react directly with aqueous acid as do alkenes, but will do so in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction occurs with Markovnikov regiochemistry, so the OH group adds to the more highly substituted carbon and the H adds to the less highly substituted carbon. The initial product of the reaction is a vinyl alcohol, also called an enol. The enol immediately rearranges to a more stable ketone via tautomerization. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions -X티 Hö: H-O -CH3 -CH3 H30*arrow_forwardМЕСНANISMS 1,2-epoxy-1-methylcyclopentane undergoes both acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed opening of the epoxide ring to form two different products. > Using ethanol as the solvent and an appropriate acid, show the steps in the acid catalyzed mechanism, writing structures for all products of the steps. Circle the major product(s). > Using ethanol as the solvent and an appropriate base, show the steps in the base- catalyzed mechanism, writing structures for all products of the steps. Circle the major product(s). 1,2-epoxy-1-methylcyclopentane CH3arrow_forward3) Draw the structures of the major organic product(s) for the following reactions. HI in CH₂Cl₂ 3 excess Cl₂ in H₂O H₂SO4 in H₂O (Two products) Br-Cl in THF 1) BH3 2) alkaline H₂O₂ OSO4 + HOOHarrow_forward
- 13. Synthesize the following compounds using materials with no more than six carbons. to H₂C OH SO3Harrow_forwardlls 02/18/19 41% ehhedrick0507 This is a Molecule Drawing question/Itis worth 1 point/ You have 1 of 3attempts remaining/Thereis n ttempt penalty 13 Question (1 point) e See page 605 Carbenes can add to alkenes to give a cyclopropane derivative. Draw the alkene (unknown X) that reacts with the carbene to give the following product. 3rd attempt VIEW SOLUTION 13/20 7 OF 20 QUESTIONS COMPLETED MacBook Airarrow_forwardWe are synthesizing an Alcohol by Hydrating an Alkene, We are using hex-1-ene and sulfuric acid. What possible products would come from this and how do I know which is the major?arrow_forward
- Synthesize: OH & its enantiomer Synthesize: 3-methyl-1-pentene From: (E)-3,4-dimethyl-hex-2-ene From: 3-methyl-2-pentanolarrow_forwardIn free-radical substitution reaction of alkanes with halogens under uv light, the photolytic breaking of the halogen is the rate determining step. the formation of alkylradical is the rate determining step. the formation of halogen radical is the rate determining step. the abstraction of hydrogen from alkane by the halogen radical is the rate determining steparrow_forwardHydroboration of Alkenes vs. Alkynes. Addition of an alkylboranes to a carbon- carbon double bond ("hydroboration") followed by oxidation is a common way to alcohols, for example, addition of dimethylborane to 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene yields 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol. Me₂BH + Me₂C=CMe₂- →→ Me₂CH-CMe₂OH The reaction is more general as borane also adds to carbon-carbon triple bonds. obtain structures and energies for reactants and transition states for addition of dimethylborane (Me₂BH) to both ethylene and acetylene. Which reaction has the lower activation energy? Offer an explanation for your result.arrow_forward
- Macroscale and Microscale Organic ExperimentsChemistryISBN:9781305577190Author:Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. MastersPublisher:Brooks ColeOrganic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning