Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 26, Problem 41Q
To determine
The possibility of more spatial dimensions than the three that are currently recognized and an explanation for the existence of the fourth spatial dimension to be not so obvious.
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mathematician Archimedes, responding to a claim that the number of grains of sand was infinite,
calculated that the number of grains of sand needed to fill the universe was on the order of 1063. Our
understanding of the size of the universe has changed since then, and we now know that the
observable universe alone is a sphere with a radius of 1026 m. Estimating the size of a grain of sand,
A) Approximately how many grains of sand would fill the observable universe?
B) How many times larger or smaller is this number than Archimedes' result?
A light-year is the distance that light can travel in one year. Similarly, we can define a light-second, light-day, etc. as the distance that light can travel in other time intervals. Calculate the distance represented by each of the following: (Assume that the speed of light is 3 x 10^8m/s)
5 light-minutes
6 light-days
6 light-days, but this time answer in miles (enter just the number with no units)
Using our example from the previous unit, let's try to determine the Hubble time for this example universe. You were given that a good representative galaxy receded at a speed of 4000 km/s and was found to be 20 Mpc away. With that in mind, what would the age of that universe be in years (aka what is that universe's Hubble time)? Go ahead and take the number of kilometers per Mpc to be approximately 3.1*10^19 km/Mpc. While this problem may look scary at first, this is really just bringing you full circle to one of the unit conversion problems you encountered at the beginning of this course.
Chapter 26 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 26 - Prob. 1QCh. 26 - Prob. 2QCh. 26 - Prob. 3QCh. 26 - Prob. 4QCh. 26 - Prob. 5QCh. 26 - Prob. 6QCh. 26 - Prob. 7QCh. 26 - Prob. 8QCh. 26 - Prob. 9QCh. 26 - Prob. 10Q
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- According to the tiny world experiment, there are only 5.2 intermediates between any two people on Earth (thus 6-degree of separation). This is a remark that has been made for well over half a century. The Internet may be useful in this regard. Let's pretend that everyone on Earth doubles their friend count on Facebook, Twitter, and every other social network they participate in (2x). Calculate the relative distance between us now. What do you think it is?arrow_forwardSuppose that in an alternate universe, the possible values of l are the integer values from 0 to n (instead of 0 to n - 1). Assuming no other differences between this imaginary universe and ours, how many orbitals would exist in each level? n = 2arrow_forwardYour friends are talking about Olber's Paradox: Friend 1: When the universe was quite young, it was also quite small, and therefore light was trapped inside the universe. This is why we don't see light from the edge of the universe in every direction. Friend 2: No, Olber's Paradox describes only light from stars, not from galaxies, and why you can't use light from distant stars to see at night. Friend 3: You're both right and you're both wrong. The paradox concerns itself with the expansion of the universe, and explains why light from the early universe was able to be released. Are any of them right, in part or in whole?arrow_forward
- Assume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place. Values: n = 1*10^80arrow_forwardI'm having trouble understanding this. Suppose we have a spaceship about the size of a typical ocean cruise ship today, which means it has a mass of about 130 million kilograms, and we want to accelerate the ship to a speed of 12 % of the speed of light. Suppose you want to generate the energy to get it to cruising speed using matter-antimatter annihilation. How much antimatter would you need to produce and take on the ship? Express your answer using two significant figures.arrow_forwardWhat is the spatial radius of curvature for a hypothetical closed universe at a moment of time with given values below. Give the answer in units of Mpc, to the nearest integer (not in scientific notation - e.g., 1234). Values: H = 51 km s-1 Mpc-1 ρ = 2.9x10-26 kg m-3arrow_forward
- According to the cosmological principle, our place in the universe does not appear to be particularly special compared to any other and it allows us to make predictions about the development of other galaxies and the evolution of the universe. The principle relies on Hubble's results that the universe appears to be the same in all directions (aka it is Question Blank 1 of 2) {hint: one word} and that any large region of space at a given distance from us appears like any other large region of space at a similar distance from us (aka it is Question Blank 2 of 2) {hint: one word}arrow_forwardI asked the following question and was given the attached solution: Suppose that the universe were full of spherical objects, each of mass m and radius r . If the objects were distributed uniformly throughout the universe, what number density (#/m3) of spherical objects would be required to make the density equal to the critical density of our Universe? Values: m = 4 kg r = 0.0407 m Answer must be in scientific notation and include zero decimal places (1 sig fig --- e.g., 1234 should be written as 1*10^3) I don't follow the work and I got the wrong answer, so please help and show your work as I do not follow along easily thanksarrow_forwardAssume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place. Value: n = 4*1080arrow_forward
- Why can't we see past the cosmological horizon? The universe extends only to this horizon. Beyond the cosmological horizon, the Universe curves away from us, like the surface of the Earth. O We do not have telescopes big enough. Beyond the cosmological horizon, we are looking back to a time before the universe had formed.arrow_forwardI attempted to answer this question and I'm not sure what I am doing wrong. My formula says A.S. = 206265 (separation/distance from observer) I know to convert to the same units, so I ended up with 80 Million Km being 8 x 10 ^ -6 LY Could you please explain each step especially for the part that I got wrong for both A and B?arrow_forwardExplain why the universe cannot be older than the Hubble time.arrow_forward
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