Concept explainers
To determine: The similarities and differences for the types of mutations that lead to cancer in the tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes.
Introduction: Cancer is caused due to the failure of the regulation of the cell cycle. The cell cycle has many stages and each stage have been provided with a number of the check points which prevents the cell to move to the next phase of the cycle. The failure of these cycles is attributed to the genes which are altered by the mutagens and now are producing the abnormal protein. When the protein associated with the regulation of the cell cycle is abnormal then control on the cell cycle will be lost and there will be an uncontrolled increase in the number of the cell.
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Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedarrow_forwardAnother model, the random model, proposes that any cell in a malignant tumor has the potential to form a new tumor. Does the cancer stem cell hypothesis contradict this idea?arrow_forwardDescribe the difference between a tumor suppressor and an oncogene with respect to the actual causes of cancer.arrow_forward
- Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its potential to cause cancer.arrow_forwardDistinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.arrow_forwardDefine tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to behave as a recessive gene?arrow_forward
- Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to behave as a recessive gene?arrow_forwardExplain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.arrow_forwardDescribe two mechanisms by which genetic change causes cancer.arrow_forward
- Explain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.arrow_forwardTissues and differentiation a)Explain what is meant by termination and differentiation ).b) Explain the difference between an oncogenic and a tumour suppressor gene and describe how they are involved in the onset of cancerarrow_forwardCancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations. Some mutations are in proto-oncogenes, which lead to overexpression of the genes, and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes, which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes. Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference (RNAi) be better at treating? Explain.arrow_forward
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