(a)
Interpretation: The description of elution.
Concept introduction: A definition is used to describe the meaning of a term and this term can be a word, phrase, or other sets of symbols. There are two types of definitions and they are intentional definitions, which try to give the sense of a term and extensional definitions, which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes.
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Elution is defined as the process of extracting the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)
Interpretation: The description of mobile phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(b)
Explanation of Solution
In Chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase
- Mobile phase- The phase of chromatography which flow from the stationary phase of the chromatography and carry the component of the mixture with the phase.
(c)
Interpretation: The description of stationary phase.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(c)
Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
In chromatography two phases are present these are following.
- Stationary phase- The solid or liquid phase of chromatography in which the solid material is absorbed which is separated from the mixture is called stationary phase.
- Mobile phase
(d)
Interpretation: The description of distribution constant.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(d)
Explanation of Solution
Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
The ratio of concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography to the concentration of the solute of the mobile phase of the chromatography is called distribution constant.
The expression of distribution constant is:
Here, the concentration of the solute of the stationary phase of the chromatography is
(e)
Interpretation: The description of retention time.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(e)
Explanation of Solution
The sum of the stationary phase time and the mobile phase time of chromatography is called retention time.
The expression of retention time is:
Here, the stationary phase time is
(f)
Interpretation: The description of the retention factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(f)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the product of the distribution constant and the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography to the volume of the mobile phase of chromatography is called retention factor.
The expression of retention factor is:
Here, the volume of the stationary phase of chromatography is
(g)
Interpretation: The description of the volumetric flow rate.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(g)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography to the time needed to pass the volume of the fluid from the mobile phase of chromatography is called volume flow rate.
The expression of volume flow rate is:
Here, the volume of the fluid in the mobile phase of chromatography is
(h)
Interpretation: The description of the linear flow velocity.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(h)
Explanation of Solution
The volumetric flow rate of the fluid per unit cross sectional area of the column from which the fluid is flow is called linear flow velocity.
(i)
Interpretation: The description of selectivity factor.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(i)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography to the distribution constant of less retained species of chromatography is called selectivity factor.
The expression of selectivity factor is:
Here, the distribution constant of highly retained species of chromatography is
(j)
Interpretation: The description of the plate height.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(j)
Explanation of Solution
The ratio of the variance of chromatography to the length of the column is called plate height.
The expression of plate height is:
Here, the variance of chromatography is
(k)
Interpretation: The description of the column resolution.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(k)
Explanation of Solution
In the chromatography, column is the pathway for the reaction to take place. The column resolution is obtained from the width of the first point and that of the second point.
The expression of Column resolution is:
Here, the width of the pick at first point is
(l)
Interpretation: The description of the longitudinal diffusion.
Concept introduction: Chromatography is defined as the process of separating the mixture of substance or one material from another material or component of the substance or material.
(l)
Explanation of Solution
The process of migration of solute from a concentrated centre of a band of chromatography to the dilute region in other side of chromatography is called longitudinal diffusion.
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- Methanol and Ethanol are separated in a capillary gas chromatography column with retention times of 370s and 385s, respectively and base width of 16.0s and 17.0s on a column 12.0 m long. An unretained air peak occurs at 10.0 s. (a) Calculate number of theoretical plate and plate height of the column using ethanol peak. Calculate the relative retention. Calculate retention factor for each analyte. (b) (c) (Show your Calculation)arrow_forward6arrow_forward4arrow_forward
- The data in the following table were extracted from a gas chromatographic analysis of a two- component mixture. Air nonane decane Retention time (s) 5 26 32 Peak width, baseline (s) 5 4 (i) Calculate the capacity factor, k, for the two compounds. (ii) Calculate the selectivity factor, a, for the two compounds.arrow_forwardAnswer the questions by using the given graph belowarrow_forward(3) A 0.35 mm diameter open tubular gas chromatography column is coated with stationary phase that is 0.25 um thick. The diffusion coefficient for a compound with a retention factor k 10 is D 1.5x10 m2s' in the gas phase and D, 2.5x10 m s in the stationary phase. Calculate the plate height if the linear flow rate is 20 cm s. If you increase the temperature of this column what would happen to the plate height. Explain by giving reasons.arrow_forward
- 3arrow_forwardIn which mode of chromatography do solute and solvent molecules compete to interact with functional groups on the surface of the stationary phase? a) extraction b) partition c) absorbance d) adsorptionarrow_forward4.Consider the peaks for pentafluorobenzene and benzene in the gas chromatogram shown here. The elution time for unretained solute is 1.06 min. The open tubular column is 30.0 m in length and 0.530 mm in diameter, with a layer of stationary phase 3.0 μm thick on the inner wall. a) Measruing the width, w, at the baseline on the chromatogram, find the number of plates for these two compounds b) Use your answer to (a) to find the resolution between the two peaks c) Using the number of plates N=sqrtN1*N2 with the values from (a) calcuate what the resolution should be and compare your answer with the measured resolution in barrow_forward
- Which of the following are characteristics of normal-phase chromatography? I - The stationary phase is polar. II - The mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase. III - The eluent strength increases as the mobile phase becomes less polar. IV - The eluent strength increases as the mobile phase becomes more polar. V - the stationary phase is nonpolar. Answers to choose from: I and IV I, IV and V I and III II and IV II and V ...and why?arrow_forwardTwo components in an HPLC separation have retention times thatdiffer by 22 s. The first peak elutes in 10.5 min and the peakwidths are approximately equal. Use a spreadsheet to find theminimum number of theoretical plates needed to achieve thefollowing resolution, Rs, values: 0.50, 0.75, 0.90, 1.0, 1.10, 1.25,1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 2.5. How would the results change if peak 2were twice as broad as peak 1?arrow_forward2-pentanone has a retention index of 987 on a poly(ethylene glycol) column (also called Carbowax). (a) Between which two straight-chain hydrocarbons is 2-pentanone eluted? (b) An unretained solute is eluted from a certain column in 1.80 min. Decane (C10H22) is eluted in 15.63 min and undecane (C11H24) is eluted in 17.22 min. What is the retention time of a compound whose retention index is 1 050?arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning