Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 25.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The characteristic features and examples of prokaryotes that justify them as primitive organisms.
Introduction:
During the evolutionary times, organisms had undergone various phylogenetic changes. All the living beings that we come across today are believed to be the descendants of a common ancestor of life. Environmental conditions had its great impact on the evolution of different species, which have a few similarities but are relatively different.
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Choose one prokaryote (bacteria or archaea) AND one protest. You can choose a species or more general taxonomic group of interest. Then address the following questions for each.
1. What does the organism look like? Describe or include an image.
2. How does it obtain energy?
3. How does it reproduce?
4. What are its close relatives in the tree of life?
5. Why is it important from a human perspective?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, which of
the following is NOT true about the
evolution of life on earth?
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes appeared at
about the same time and evolved
independently from each other.
O None of the other four answers (all are true
statements)
Eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic
prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are in some
ways similar to prokaryotes
The first life on earth was simple organisms,
similar to today's prokaryotes
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Draw a simple cladogram illustrating the relationships among the following: Common ancestor of all organisms, domain Eukarya, domain Bacteria, domain Archaea. To which domain do the organisms informally known as protists belong? To which domain do you belong?arrow_forwardHow many possible different trees (branching pat-terns) can in theory be drawn to display the evolution ofbacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, assuming that they allarose from a common ancestor?arrow_forwardWhat are relictual (plesiomorphic) features? Derived (apomorphic) features? Which organisms seem to have a larger percentage of relictual features—prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Algae or flowering plants? Amoebas or humans?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is correct? - Eukaryotes are life forms that possess a nucleus in the cells. - Some cellular features, such as endoplasmic reticulum, is uniquely eukaryotic and is not shared with either bacteria or archaea. - It has been hypothesized that the first eukaryotic cell is a chimera between a bacterium and an archaeon. - During phylogenetic reconstruction, it is often found that eukaryotic genes that are responsible for information processing are more closely related to corresponding archaeal genes than to bacterial genes. - All of the abovearrow_forwardDescribe some of the hypotheses on the origin of life and the characteristics of early prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and multicellular organisms.arrow_forwardEvolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotesarrow_forward
- Why are archaebacteria called living fossils?arrow_forwardUsing the analogy of a one-hour countdown timer, when did prokaryotes originate? When did the colonization of land occur?arrow_forwardin 1967, Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiotic theory. As seen in the diagram below, the endosymbiotic theory describes how over thousands of years, free-living prokaryotes formed living communities inside larger ancestral prokaryotic cells. Today, we identify those early free-living prokaryotes as the mitochondria, chioroplasts, and possibly other organelles. Endesymbietic Theery How did the development of Margulis' theory aid in our understanding of how complex organisms came into existence? A. It provided an explanation as to why prokaryotic cells do not have a nucdeus. B. It provides an explanation as to why bacteria and mitochondria are similar in size. C. It provides an explanation of how life today could have originated from a single cell. D. It provides an explanation of how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use oxygen to work.arrow_forward
- Why were Archaea originally thought to be simply unusual forms of Bacteria? What lines of evidence showed this domain to form a distinct branch on the tree of life?arrow_forwardImagine that you have discovered a new form of microbial life,one that appears to represent a fourth domain. How wouldyou go about characterizing the new organism anddetermining if it actually is evolutionarily distinct fromBacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?arrow_forwardThe universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forward
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