When light is incident normally on the interface between two transparent optical media, the intensity of the reflected light is given by the expression
In this equation, S1 represents the average magnitude of the Poynting vector in the incident light (the incident intensity),
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Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
- Light traveling in a medium of index of refraction n1 is incident on another medium having an index of refraction n2. Under which of the following conditions can total internal reflection occur at the interface of the two media? (a) The indices of refraction have the relation n2 n1. (b) The indices of refraction have the relation n1 n2. (c) Light travels slower in the second medium than in the first. (d) The angle of incidence is less than the critical angle. (e) The angle of incidence must equal the angle of refraction.arrow_forwardUnpolarized light in vacuum is incident onto a sheet of glass with index of refraction n. The reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other. Find the angle of incidence. This angle is called Brewsters angle or the polarizing angle. In this situation, the reflected light is linearly polarized, with its electric field restricted to be perpendicular to the plane containing the rays and the normal.arrow_forwardAn unpolarized beam of light is incident on a stack of ideal polarizing filters. The axis of the first filter is perpendicular to the axis of the last filter in the stack. Find the fraction by which the transmitted beams intensity is reduced in the three following cases. (a) Three filters are in the stack, each with its transmission axis at 45.0 relative to the preceding filter. (b) Four filters are in the stack, each with its transmission axis at 30.0 relative to the preceding filter. (c) Seven filters are in the stack, each with its transmission axis at 15.0 relative to the preceding filter. (d) Comment on comparing the answers to parts (a), (b), and (c).arrow_forward
- In Figure P37.52, suppose the transmission axes of the left and right polarizing disks are perpendicular to each other. Also, let the center disk be rotated on the common axis with an angular speed . Show that if unpolarized light is incident on the left disk with an intensity Imax, the intensity of the beam emerging from the right disk is I=116Imax(1cos4t) This result means that the intensity of the emerging beam is modulated at a rate four times the rate of rotation of the center disk. Suggestion: Use the trigonometric identities cos2=12(1+cos2) and sin2=12(1cos2). Figure P37.52arrow_forwardIn the figure, light from ray A refracts from material 1 (n₁ = 1.73) into a thin layer of material 2 (n2 = 1.80), crosses that layer, and is then incident at the critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3 (n3 = 1.40). (a) What is the value of incident angle BA? (b) If 8A is decreased, does part of the light refract into material 3? Light from ray B refracts from material 1 into the thin layer, crosses that layer, and is then incident at the critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3. (c) What is the value of incident angle Og? (d) If Og is decreased, does part of the light refract into material 3? OB I ng no 121arrow_forwardA ray of light travelling in glass having a refractive index nglass = 1.5, is incident at an angle 0, on the glass-air interface. If a thin layer of liquid (niquid = 1.33) is poured on the glass air interface, then at what angle would the ray emerge from the liquid -air interface? air (nair) air (Nair) liquid (njiquid) glass (ng) glass (ng) 90.0° 82.5° 48.3° 35.7° 45.6°arrow_forward
- A ray of light travelling in glass having a refractive index nglass = 1.5, is incident at an angle 6, on the glass-air interface. If a thin layer of liquid (niquid = 1.23) is poured on the glass air interface, then at what angle would the ray emerge from the liquid-air interface? air (nair) air (nair) liquid (njiquid) glass (ng) glass (ng) 35.7° 90.0° O 45.6° 48.3° 82.5°arrow_forwardA ray of light travelling in glass having a refractive index nlass= 1.5, is incident at an angle 0 on the glass-air interface. If a thin layer of liquid (niquid = 1.23) is poured on the glass air interface, then at what angle would the ray emerge from the liquid-air interface? air (nair) air (nair) liquid (niquid) glass (ng) glass (ng) O 48.3° 90.0° 35.7° O 45.6° O 82.5°arrow_forwardA beam of white light is incident on a slab of dense flint glass at an angle of incidence of 60°. Flint glass, as with most materials, displays a dispersion where the refractive index is a function of the wavelength of incident light. We can often write this dispersion using the Cauchy relation n(2)=A+B^(-2). For the case of Flint glass, A = 1.728, and B = 0.01342 µm2. What is the difference in angle of the refracted beam between blue light of wavelength 400 nm, and red light of wavelength 700 nm?arrow_forward
- When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass slab, the angle of refraction is 32.0.What are (a) the index of refraction of the glass and (b) the Brewster angle?arrow_forwardA block of a transparent solid sits on top of the horizontal surface of a block of glass. A ray of light traveling in the glass is incident on the top surface of the glass at an angle of 62.0 with respect to the normal to the surface. The light has wavelength 447 nm in the glass and 315 nm in the transparent solid. What angle does the ray that refracts into the transparent solid make with the normal to the surface?arrow_forwardSpatial distribution of electric field E(x) of a light beam which has a wavelength 5.0x107m coming from free space (n=1) and entering the dielectiric medium (n=1.5) at x=0 interface is shown below. Write an expression for the electric field E(x,t) of light inside the medium. (Ignore any reflection at the interface) E(X) λ=5.0x107m E₂ MM n=1 x=0 E(x,t)=? n=1.5 Xarrow_forward
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