Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the synthesis of fatty
Concept Introduction:
Glycolysis: It is pathway which describes conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. The series involves 10 reactions.
Fatty acid conversion to fatty
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Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
- The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to orthophosphate drives biosynthetic reactions such as DNA synthesis. In Escherichia coli, a pyrophosphatase catalyzes this hydrolytic reaction. The pyrophosphatase has a mass of 120 kDa and consists of six identical subunits. A unit of activity for this enzyme, U, is the amount of enzyme that hydrolyzes 10 umol of pyrophosphate in 15 minutes. The purified enzyme has a Vnax of 2800 U per milligram of enzyme. When (S] >> KM, how many micromoles of substrate can 1 mg of enzyme hydrolyze per second? Vnax = umol -s. mg- If cach enzyme subunit has one active site, how many micromoles of active sites, or (E]r, are there in 1 mg of enzyme? (Er = umol - mg-arrow_forwardIn the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, erythrose-4-phosphate undergoes electrophilic addition to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Draw the products of this step, paying particular attention to regiochemistry. ОН OPOH ОН ? Enzyme Erythrose 4-phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)arrow_forwardPlease explain why this pathway is favorable.arrow_forward
- If an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a high rate at low pH and low rate at higher pH, this implies that a group on either the enzyme or the substrate must be for an efficient reaction. leaving group oxidoreductase coenzymes O protonated deprotonated The compound that consists of deoxyribose linked by an N-glycosidic bond to N-9 of guanine is: adenylate deoxyguanosine guanosine nucleotide guanylatearrow_forwardExplain the process and products in each of the three reactions in the proton–proton chain.arrow_forwardKinetic versus thermodynamic. The reaction of NADH with oxygen to produce NAD+NAD* and H2OH2O is very exergonic, yet the reaction of NADH and oxygen takes place very slowly. Why does a thermodynamically favorable reaction not occur rapidly?arrow_forward
- Draw the structure of the tetrahedral intermediate initially formed and draw the structures of the organic products of the acyl transfer reaction.arrow_forwardThe rate-limiting step is a metabolic pathway is the slowest step which determines the overall rate of the other reactions in the pathway. In glycolysis, the rate limiting step is a phosphorylation reaction where phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) catalyzes the reaction fructose-6-bisphosphate -> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, the same step in gluconeogenesis. Select one: The statement is FALSE. The statement is TRUE.arrow_forwardImidazoleglycerol‑phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme in the histine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the E1 dehydration of D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate to imidazole acetol‑phosphate. This is a rare example of a biological E1 reaction, as most biological elimination reactions occur through E1cB instead. In this reaction, D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate is first protonated to form a good leaving group. Then, the leaving group is ejected to form the resonance‑stabilized carbocation shown. Draw curved arrows forming the most stable resonance structure to explain why this reaction goes through an E1 mechanism. Draw curved arrows to form the most stable resonance structure.arrow_forward
- In the breakdown of fatty acids, we see the activation of a carboxylic acid by its conversion to a amine ester alcohol thioester carbonyl aldehydearrow_forwardIdentify the organic functional group and reaction type for the following reaction. The reactant is a(n) - carboxylic acid hexose - Aldohexose - aldotetrose -deoxyhexose -carboxylic acid tetrose - ketohexose The product is a(n) - carboxylic acid tetrose - aldotetrose -alcohol hexose -aldohexose -carboxylic acid hexose - alcohol tetrose The reaction type is - hemiacetal formation -hydrolysis -oxidation( Benedict’s) -acetal formation -reduction( hydrogenation) - mutarotationarrow_forwardPlease draw by hand. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme's catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a base and an acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. ОН 2-03Р0 ОН dihydroxyacetone phosphate triosephosphate isomerase 2-03РО. H glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate FYI Glu is glutamic acid and his is histadinearrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning