Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Question
Chapter 22, Problem 18Q
To determine
(a)
Adiagrammaticexplanation of the statement that when the
To determine
(b)
The distance from the Sun to the particular cloud mentioned in part (a).
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Figure 2 shows the "rotation curve" of
NGC 2742. It plots the “radial velocity
(V)" (how fast material is moving
either toward or away from us) that is
measured for objects at different
distances (R = radius") from the
center of the galaxy. The center of the
galaxy is at 0 kpc (kiloparsecs) with a
speed of 9 km/sec away from us.
(These velocities have been corrected
for the observed tilt of the galaxy and
represent true orbital velocities of the
stars and gas.)
200
100
U4779
-100
As you can see, one side of the galaxy
is moving with a negative velocity
(spinning toward us), while the other
side has a positive velocity (spinning
away from us). Using Newton's
gravity equation, we will be able to
determine the gravitational mass of the
entire galaxy and how the mass varies
versus distance from the galaxy's center.
-200
-8
8
-4
Radius (kpc)
Read the following text carefully and follow the instructions:
Select five radii spaced evenly from 0-10 kpc across the galaxy. Your selections should…
An observational survey of distant galaxies is undertaken that involves measuring their
distances using cepheid variables and red-shifts using spectroscopy. Explain how cepheid
variables can be used to measure the distances to galaxies.
A spectral line is observed whose wavelength in the laboratory is de
length of this spectral line observed in each galaxy, Xo, is listed in the table, along with
the distance, d, to the galaxy. Determine the red-shift and the recession velocity of each
galaxy and tabulate your results by making a copy of the table and filling in the blank spaces.
Sketch a Hubble diagram using your results and determine the value of the Hubble constant
Ho in units of km s-1 Mpc.
650 nm. The wave-
Galaxy 1
652.69
Galaxy 2 Galaxy 3 Galaxy 4 Galaxy 5
653.01
do (nm)
d (Mpc)
658.54
662.18
681.63
17
19
54
77
200
v (km s-1)
A Type la supernova explodes in a galaxy at a
distance of 6.10×107 light-years from Earth. If
astronomers detect the light from the
supernova today, how many years T have
passed since the supernova exploded? T=
2.07 x10 -5 years Given a Hubble constant of
74.3 km/s/Mpc, at what speed v is this galaxy
moving away from Earth? v= km/s What is
this galaxy's redshift? redshift:
Chapter 22 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 22 - Prob. 1QCh. 22 - Prob. 2QCh. 22 - Prob. 3QCh. 22 - Prob. 4QCh. 22 - Prob. 5QCh. 22 - Prob. 6QCh. 22 - Prob. 7QCh. 22 - Prob. 8QCh. 22 - Prob. 9QCh. 22 - Prob. 10Q
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- Assume that the Sun orbits the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 220 km/s and a distance of 26,000 lightyears from the center. A. Calculate the circumference of the Sun’s orbit, assuming it to be approximately circular. (Remember that the circumference of a circle is given by 2pR, where R is the radius of the circle. Be sure to use consistent units. The conversion from light-years to km/s can be found in an online calculator or appendix, or you can calculate it for yourself: the speed of light is 300,000 km/s, and you can determine the number of seconds in a year.) B. Calculate the Sun’s period, the “galactic year.” Again, be careful with the units. Does it agree with the number we gave above?arrow_forwardThe best parallaxes obtained with Hipparcos have an accuracy of 0.001 arcsec. If you want to measure the distance to a star with an accuracy of 10%, its parallax must be 10 times larger than the typical error. How far away can you obtain a distance that is accurate to 10% with Hipparcos data? The disk of our Galaxy is 100,000 light-years in diameter. What fraction of the diameter of the Galaxy’s disk is the distance for which we can measure accurate parallaxes?arrow_forwardAn astronomical image shows two objects that have the same apparent magnitude, i.e., the same brightness. However, spectroscopic follow up observations indicate that while one is a star that is within our galaxy, at a distance dgal away, and has the same luminosity as the Sun, the other is a quasar and has 100x the luminosity of the entire Milky Way galaxy. What is the distance to the quasar? (You may assume, for this rough calculation, that the Milky Way has 1011 stars and that they all have the luminosity as the Sun.) Give your response in Mpc. Value: dgal = 49 pcarrow_forward
- You observe the H-alpha line of Hydrogen in a distant galaxy to have a wavelength of 754.4 nm. What is the radial velocity of the galaxy? Hint: The rest wavelength of H-alpha is 656 nm. I have to use the forumla mentioned in the photo I shared with this post.arrow_forwardIt is possible to derive the age of the universe given the value of the Hubble constant and the distance to a galaxy, again with the assumption that the value of the Hubble constant has not changed since the Big Bang. Consider a galaxy at a distance of 235 million light-years receding from us at a velocity, v. If the Hubble constant is 20.5 km/s per million light-years, what is its velocity? (Enter the magnitude in km/s.) _________ km/sarrow_forwardPretend that galaxies are spaced evenly, 7.0 Mpc apart, and the average mass of a galaxy is 1.0 ✕ 1011 M. What is the average density (in kg/m3) of matter in the universe? (Note: The volume of a sphere is 4/3pieR^3 and the mass of the sun is 2.0 ✕ 1030 kg.) ______ kg/m^3 Which model universe does this density value support? A: open B: flat C: closedarrow_forward
- The Tully-Fischer method relies on being able to relate the mass of a galaxy to its rotation velocity. Stars in the outer-most regions of the Milky Way galaxy, located at a distance of 50 kpc from the galactic centre, are observed to orbit at a speed vrot = 250 km s−1. Using Kepler’s 3rd Law, determine the mass in the Milky Way that lies interior to 50 kpc. Express your answer in units of the Solar mass.arrow_forwardWhat is the recession speed of a galaxy cluster which is 50Mpc away from Earth? Is the light from the galaxy cluster red-shifted or blue shifted?arrow_forwardAnalyzing the spectrum of a distant galaxy, you discover evidence that a type la supernova is occurring in that galaxy. A type la supernova has a peak luminosity of about 1010 solar luminosities (1 solar luminosity = 3.8e26 Watts). Looking at an image of the galaxy, you estimate that here on earth your telescope only sees a brightness of 8.45E-10 Watts/m². Using this information and the brightness equation, how distant is the galaxy in which the supernova is occurring? Give your answer in It yrs.arrow_forward
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