Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21.6, Problem 1CR
Summary Introduction
Calcium and silica cycles are important cycles of aquatic environment, mainly in oceans which act as major reserves of these calcium and silica. In marine environment, these elements get incorporated into the exoskeletons of various microbes.
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The chemical representation of algae is C106H263O110N16P. The Gulf of Mexico contains 0.2 mg/L of nitrogen and 0.08 mg/L of phosphorus.
a.Which is the limiting nutrient for algal growth in the water? Assume all other nutrients are abundant.
b.What will be the mass of algae produced per liter of water (mg/L) in an algal bloom?
c.If the nitrogen source is reduced by 50%, would the algae production also decrease by half?
d.If the phosphorus source is reduced by 50%, would the algae production also decrease by half?
In what ways are Ca and Si cycling in oceanwaters similar, and in what ways do they differ?How do the calcium and silica cycles couple to thecarbon cycle?
4. Energy is always transferred from
a. autotrophs to heterotrophs
b. heterotrophs to autotrophs
c._ autotrophs to decomposers
Chapter 21 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - How is new organic matter made in nature?Ch. 21.1 - In what ways are oxygenic photosynthesis and...Ch. 21.1 - What is a methane hydrate?Ch. 21.1 - The oxygen and carbon cycles are interconnected...Ch. 21.2 - Why does Syntrophomonas need a partner organism in...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.2 - What is the final product of acetogenesis?Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.3 - What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2MQ
Ch. 21.3 - How does the compound nitrapyrin benefit both...Ch. 21.3 - The principal form of nitrogen on Earth is N2,...Ch. 21.4 - Is H2S a substrate or a product of the...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3MQCh. 21.4 - Bacteria play major roles in both the oxidative...Ch. 21.5 - In what oxidation state is Fe in Fe(OH)3? In FeS?...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.5 - Why is excreted organic matter important to many...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.6 - How does the formation of CaCO3 skeletons by...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.7 - What forms of mercury are most toxic to organisms?Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 21.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 21.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21.8 - What is the greenhouse effect and what causes it?Ch. 21.8 - What is the fate of most nitrogen used in...Ch. 21.8 - Why are the OMZs expanding and what are the likely...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 21 - Compare and contrast the carbon, sulfur, and...Ch. 21 - 14C-labeled cellulose is added to a vial...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3AQ
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- Although chemoautotrophs serve as the primary producers near hydrothermal vents, animals there still ultimately depend on the photosynthetic activities of plants and cyanobacteria. Why?arrow_forwardon k. 7.2 Natural carbon recycling ADVANCED STANDARD Science understanding FOUNDATION bushfire (n) a forest fire that is out of contral Carbon is the basis of all life on Earth. There is a fixed amount of carbon on Earth and this carbon is continuously recycled and reuscu. It takes carbon about 100 million vears to complete one cycle through the lithosphere (rock, soil, land), bydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers), the atmosphere and the biosphere. controlled burn In) a supervised fire Carbon stores HINT The Earth's four major carbon stores (or sinks) are-the atmosphere, occans, terrestrial ecosystems (on land) and Earth's crust. 1 Gigatonne = 10 tonne = 10" kg Table 7.2.1 Earth's principal carbon stores in gigatonnes (Gt) Stores of carbon Gigatonnes (Gt) Gigatonnes (Gt) Stores of carbon marine sediments and 3000 sedimentary rocks 66000 000-100 000 000 coal deep oceans soils and organic matter 1600 40 000 surface oceans 1000 oil and gas 300 vegetation 540-610 the atmosphere 750 Plants…arrow_forwardWhy is carbon important to life? What is the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? What is the role of cellular respiration in the carbon cycle? How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the carbon cycle? How do death and decomposition contribute to the carbon cycle? Why is nitrogen important to life? How much of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas? Why is N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) not usable by most organisms? What organisms are responsible for nitrogen fixation? How do plants receive the nitrogen that they require? Why are bacteria essential to the carbon and nitrogen cycles?qarrow_forward
- Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico is caused by: "An overabundance of unicellular algal growth; these algae eventually die and are degraded and consumed by bacteria, which draws down oxygen concentrations, causing hypoxia." "An abundance of raw sewage that stimulates bacterial growth, which draws down oxygen concentrations, causing hypoxia." "The overuse of chemically produced nitrogen fertilizers, which direct;ly stimulate bacterial growth." "Vigorous storms in the Gulf of Mexico waters, which bring low oxygen waters to the surface. " Choices B and C are true.arrow_forwardMatter is continually recycled between abiotic and biotic components of Earth's ecosystem in biogeochemical cycles. the various cycles differ from one another in several key aspects of their storage, conversion and modes of transport. In cognizance, describe and explain ONE way in which humans have disrupted the natural cycling of carbon and TWO major environmental consequences of that disruption. For 3-5 sentences onlyarrow_forwardBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of? How much oxygen needed is needed for growth of aerobic bacteria The extent to which rivers or lakes are polluted with inorganic industrial waste compounds How much oxygen is needed for survival of aerobic bacteria The extent to which rivers or lakes are polluted with organic waste compoundsarrow_forward
- You are culturing 2 algal species. Species A has a maximum photosynthetic output of 8 mg C mg-1 chl a h-1 and a half saturation constant of 20 µE m-2 s-1. Species B reaches a maximum photosynthetic output of 4 mg C mg-1 chl a h-1 and has half saturation constant of 18 µE m-2 s-1. Which species will be growing faster at a PAR light intensity of 80 µE m-2 s-1? Why?arrow_forwardChemolithrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life forms there. Explain now their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in the terrestrial environment.arrow_forwardThe process whereby oxygen is depleted by the growth of microorganisms due to excess nutrients in aquatic systems is called._______ dead zoning eutrophication retrofication depletionarrow_forward
- Given the requirements for life, how might microbial communities be sustained in the absence of solar energy (please include examples)?arrow_forwardFor every mega joule of energy used by the phytoplankton in a Lake Michigan.How many joules of energy are used in building cell tissue in the lake trout?arrow_forwardHow does the formation of CaCO3 skeletons by calcareousphytoplankton retard CO2 uptake and help maintain oceanwater pH?arrow_forward
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