Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780134110684
Author: Randall D. Knight (Professor Emeritus)
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 21, Problem 6CQ
FIGURE Q21.6 shows the
engines. Which
are they the same? Explain.
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Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
Ch. 21 - Prob. 1CQCh. 21 - Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3CQCh. 21 - FIGURE Q21.4 shows the pV diagram of a heat...Ch. 21 - Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the...Ch. 21 - FIGURE Q21.6 shows the thermodynamic cycles of two...Ch. 21 - A heat engine satisfies Wout= Qnet. Why is there...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8CQCh. 21 - Prob. 9CQCh. 21 - Prob. 10CQ
Ch. 21 - Prob. 11CQCh. 21 - Prob. 1EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 2EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 3EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 4EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 5EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 6EAPCh. 21 - The power output of a car engine running at 2400...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 9EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 10EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 11EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 12EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 13EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 14EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 15EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 16EAPCh. 21 - A heat engine uses a diatomic gas in a Brayton...Ch. 21 - At what pressure ratio does a Brayton cycle using...Ch. 21 - Prob. 19EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 20EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 21EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 22EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 23EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 24EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 25EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 26EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 27EAPCh. 21 - A Carnot engine whose hot-reservoir temperature is...Ch. 21 - Prob. 29EAPCh. 21 - A heat engine operating between energy reservoirs...Ch. 21 - Prob. 31EAPCh. 21 - A Carnot refrigerator operating between —20°C and...Ch. 21 - The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator...Ch. 21 - A Carnot heat engine with thermal efficiency 1/3...Ch. 21 - Prob. 35EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 36EAPCh. 21 - A heat engine with 50% of the Carnot efficiency...Ch. 21 - Prove that the work done in an adiabatic process i...Ch. 21 - Prob. 39EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 40EAPCh. 21 - An ideal refrigerator utilizes a Carnot cycle...Ch. 21 - Prob. 42EAPCh. 21 - There has long been an interest in using the vast...Ch. 21 - A Carnot heat engine operates between reservoirs...Ch. 21 - A Carnot engine operates between temperatures of...Ch. 21 - Prob. 46EAPCh. 21 - A Carnot heat engine and an ordinary refrigerator...Ch. 21 - 48. A heat engine running backward is called a...Ch. 21 - 49. A car's internal combustion engine can be...Ch. 21 - Prob. 50EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 51EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 52EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 53EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 54EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 55EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 56EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 57EAPCh. 21 - A heat engine using a monatomic gas follows the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 59EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 60EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 61EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 62EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 63EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 64EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 65EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 66EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 67EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 68EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 69EAPCh. 21 - Prob. 70EAPCh. 21 - A refrigerator using helium gas operates on the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 72EAPCh. 21 - The gasoline engine in your car can be modeled as...Ch. 21 - Prob. 74EAP
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- In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine, which has found a wide variety of applications ever since, including current use in solar energy collectors to transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned externally to warm one of the engines two cylinders. A fixed quantity of inert gas moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting in the cold one. Figure P21.33 represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider n moles of an ideal monatomic gas being taken once through the cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-volume processes. Let us find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process AB. (b) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process CD. (d) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process DA. (e) Identify which of the results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and evaluate the energy input to the engine by heat. (f) From the first law of thermodynamics, find the work done by the engine. (g) From the results of parts (e) and (f), evaluate the efficiency of the engine. A Stirling engine is easier to manufacture than an internal combustion engine or a turbine. It can run on burning garbage. It can run on the energy transferred by sunlight and produce no material exhaust. Stirling engines are not currently used in automobiles due to long startup times and poor acceleration response.arrow_forward(a) What is the hot reservoir temperature of a Carnot engine that has an eficiency of 42.0% and a cold reservoir temperature of 210C ? (b) What must the hot reservoir temperature be for a real heat engine that achieves 0.700 of the maximum eficiency, but still has an efficiency of 42.0% (and a cold reservoir at 27.0C )? (c) Does your answer imply practical limits to the efficiency of car gasoline engines?arrow_forwardIf a 35.0% -efficient Carnot heat engine (Fig. 21.2) is run in reverse so as to form a refrigerator (Fig. 21.4), what would be this refrigerators coefficient of performance? Figure P21.2 Schematic representation of a heat engine. Figure P21.4 Schematic representation of a heat pump.arrow_forward
- Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely to do work, (b) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs, (c) When a system undergoes a change in state, the change in the internal energy of the system is the sum of the energy transferred to the system by heat and the work done on the system, (d) The entropy of the Universe increases in all natural processes, (e) Energy will not spontaneously transfer by heat from a cold object to a hot object.arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forward(a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of 21.0C and an average outdoor temperature of 5.00C ? (b) This large change in entropy implies a large amount of energy has become unavailable to do work. Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us?arrow_forward
- A large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forwardA thermal engine produces 4 MJ of electrical energy while operating between two thermal baths of different temperatures. The working substance of the engine discharges 5 MJ of heat to the cold temperature bath. What is the efficiency of the engine?arrow_forwardHeat Engines Figure P22.2 shows a Carnot cycle. The system expands isothermally in path A, expands adiabatically in path B, is compressed isothermally in path C, and is compressed adiabatically in path D, returning to the initial state. Draw an energy transfer diagram, similar to Figure 22.4, for this cycle. FIGURE P22.2arrow_forward
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