Chapter 21, Problem 22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electronic configuration of the following metals has to be written –

$\left(\text{a}\right){\text{ Ni}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{b}\right){\text{ Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{c}\right){\text{ Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{, Zr}}^{\text{4+}}\left(\text{d}\right){\text{ Os}}^{\text{2+}}{\text{, Os}}^{\text{3+}}$

Concept Introduction:

Electronic configuration of an atom represents the arrangement of electrons in various energy levels.  The electrons are arranged in increasing order of energy levels according to Aufbau principle.  It is pictorially represented as –

Figure 1

The terms $1s,\text{ 2s, 3s }\mathrm{...}$ etc represent the energy levels inside an atom in which electrons are filled.

Answer to Problem 22E

Electronic configuration of ${\text{Ni}}^{\text{2+}}$ - $\left[Ar\right]3d^{8}4s^0$

Explanation of Solution

Atomic number of Nickel is $28$. Accordingly the electronic configuration is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{8}4s^2$

${\text{Ni}}^{\text{2+}}$ is formed when Nickel loses two electrons.  Accordingly the electronic configuration of is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{8}4s^0$

The above electronic configuration corresponds to that of Argon till $3p^6$ energy level.  Hence the electronic configuration can be simplified as – $\left[Ar\right]3d^{8}4s^0.$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electronic configuration of the following metals has to be written –

$\left(\text{a}\right){\text{ Ni}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{b}\right){\text{ Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{c}\right){\text{ Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{, Zr}}^{\text{4+}}\left(\text{d}\right){\text{ Os}}^{\text{2+}}{\text{, Os}}^{\text{3+}}$

Concept Introduction:

Electronic configuration of an atom represents the arrangement of electrons in various energy levels.  The electrons are arranged in increasing order of energy levels according to Aufbau principle.  It is pictorially represented as –

Figure 1

The terms $1s,\text{ 2s, 3s }\mathrm{...}$ etc represent the energy levels inside an atom in which electrons are filled.

Answer to Problem 22E

Electronic configuration of ${\text{Cd}}^{\text{2+}}$ - $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^0$

Explanation of Solution

Atomic number of Cadmium is $48$. Accordingly the electronic configuration is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^2$

${\text{Cd}}^{\text{2+}}$ is formed when Cadmium loses two electrons. Accordingly the electronic configuration of ${\text{Cd}}^{\text{2+}}$ is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^0$

The above electronic configuration corresponds to that of Argon till $4p^6$ energy level.  Hence the electronic configuration can be simplified as – $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^0.$

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electronic configuration of the following metals has to be written –

            $\left(\text{a}\right){\text{ Ni}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{b}\right){\text{ Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{c}\right){\text{ Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{, Zr}}^{\text{4+}}\left(\text{d}\right){\text{ Os}}^{\text{2+}}{\text{, Os}}^{\text{3+}}$

Concept Introduction:

Electronic configuration of an atom represents the arrangement of electrons in various energy levels.  The electrons are arranged in increasing order of energy levels according to Aufbau principle.  It is pictorially represented as –

Figure 1

The terms $1s,\text{ 2s, 3s }\mathrm{...}$ etc represent the energy levels inside an atom in which electrons are filled.

Answer to Problem 22E

Electronic configuration of ${\text{Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{and Zr}}^{\text{4+}}$ -  $\left[Kr\right]4d^{1}5s^0,\left[Kr\right]4d^{0}5s^0.$

Explanation of Solution

Atomic number of Zirconium is $40$. Accordingly the electronic configuration is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{2}5s^2$

  ${\text{Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{and Zr}}^{\text{4+}}$ are formed when Zirconium loses three electrons and four electrons respectively.   Accordingly the electronic configuration of ${\text{Zr}}^{\text{3+}}$ is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{1}5s^0$

The electronic configuration of ${\text{Zr}}^{\text{4+}}$ is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{0}5s^0$

The above electronic configurations correspond to that of Argon till $4p^6$ energy level.  Hence the electronic configurations of ${\text{Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{and Zr}}^{\text{4+}}$ can be simplified as –

$\left[Kr\right]4d^{1}5s^0,\left[Kr\right]4d^{0}5s^0$ respectively.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electronic configuration of the following metals has to be written –

$\left(\text{a}\right){\text{ Ni}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{b}\right){\text{ Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{c}\right){\text{ Zr}}^{\text{3+}}{\text{, Zr}}^{\text{4+}}\left(\text{d}\right){\text{ Os}}^{\text{2+}}{\text{, Os}}^{\text{3+}}$

Concept Introduction:

Electronic configuration of an atom represents the arrangement of electrons in various energy levels.  The electrons are arranged in increasing order of energy levels according to Aufbau principle.  It is pictorially represented as –

Figure 1

The terms $1s,\text{ 2s, 3s }\mathrm{...}$ etc represent the energy levels inside an atom in which electrons are filled.

Answer to Problem 22E

Electronic configuration of ${\text{Os}}^{\text{2+}}$, ${\text{Os}}^{\text{3+}}$ - $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{6}6s^0,\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{5}6s^0.$

Explanation of Solution

Atomic number of Osmium is $76$. Accordingly the electronic configuration is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{6}4f^{14}5d^{6}6s^2$

Os²⁺ and Os³⁺ are formed when Osmium loses two electrons and three electrons respectively.   Accordingly the electronic configuration of Os²⁺ is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{6}4f^{14}5d^{6}6s^0$

The above electronic configuration corresponds to that of Xenon till $5p^6$ energy level.  Hence the electronic configuration can be simplified as – $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{6}6s^0.$

The electronic configuration of ${\text{Os}}^{\text{3+}}$ is –

$1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^{6}4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^{6}4f^{14}5d^{5}6s^0$

The above electronic configuration corresponds to that of Xenon till $5p^6$ energy level.  Hence the electronic configuration can be simplified as – $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{5}6s^0.$