(a)
Interpretation: The given statement, whether describes a reversible competitive inhibitor, a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor, or an irreversible inhibitor has to be stated.
Concept introduction: A molecule whose shape and charge distribution sufficiently resembles an enzyme substrate is known as a competitive enzyme inhibitor.
The molecule that binds to the location other than the active site is known as reversible noncompetitive inhibitor.
The molecule that inactivates the enzymes by forming a covalent bond with the side chains of the amino acids at the active site of the enzyme is known as irreversible enzyme inhibitor.
(b)
Interpretation: The given statement, whether describes a reversible competitive inhibitor, a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor, or an irreversible inhibitor has to be stated.
Concept introduction: A molecule whose shape and charge distribution sufficiently resembles an enzyme substrate is known as a competitive enzyme inhibitor.
The molecule that binds to the location other than the active site is known as reversible noncompetitive inhibitor.
The molecule that inactivates the enzymes by forming a covalent bond with the side chains of the amino acids at the active site of the enzyme is known as irreversible enzyme inhibitor.
(c)
Interpretation: The given statement, whether describes a reversible competitive inhibitor, a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor, or an irreversible inhibitor has to be stated.
Concept introduction: A molecule whose shape and charge distribution sufficiently resembles an enzyme substrate is known as a competitive enzyme inhibitor.
The molecule that binds to the location other than the active site is known as reversible noncompetitive inhibitor.
The molecule that inactivates the enzymes by forming a covalent bond with the side chains of the amino acids at the active site of the enzyme is known as irreversible enzyme inhibitor.
(d)
Interpretation: The given statement, whether describes a reversible competitive inhibitor, a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor, or an irreversible inhibitor has to be stated.
Concept introduction: A molecule whose shape and charge distribution sufficiently resembles an enzyme substrate is known as a competitive enzyme inhibitor.
The molecule that binds to the location other than the active site is known as reversible noncompetitive inhibitor.
The molecule that inactivates the enzymes by forming a covalent bond with the side chains of the amino acids at the active site of the enzyme is known as irreversible enzyme inhibitor.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- Many pharmaceuticals exert their action by inhibiting the activity of enzymes. Choose the false statement regarding enzyme inhibition. A- Enzyme can be inhibited by a ligand that binds to an active site B- Enzyme can be inhibited by a ligand that binds to a site other than that of substrate C- Enzyme can be inhibited by a ligand that forms a covalent bond with enzyme. D- It is true of all enzyme inhibitors, that the degree of inhibition is reduced when the concentration of inhibitor is lowered by metabolism or E- Enzyme may be inhibited by a ligand that does not bind in the substrate sitearrow_forwardGraph a double reciprocal plot that satisfy the following: a. Michaelis-Menten kinetics enzyme, b. an inhibitor that binds only free enzyme (competitive), c. an inhibitor that binds only enzyme-substrate complex.arrow_forwardAnswer TRUE or FALSE.a. If both the inhibitor and the substrate bind at the active site on a random basis, the inhibitor is called a reversible competitive inhibitor.b. If the inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at the same time as the substrate, it is a reversible competitive inhibitor.c. If the inhibitor structure does not have to resemble the substrate structure, the inhibitor is either a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor or an irreversible inhibitor.d. A conjugated enzyme may contain a carbohydrate portion.arrow_forward
- A) Why most therapeutic inhibitors (prescription medications) that are enzyme inhibitors function through a competitive inhibition mechanism. B) Describe a circumstance/reason that a drug company would specifically choose to develop a medication that inhibited an enzyme through a mechanism other than competitive inhibition.arrow_forwardEnzyme activity can be inhibited by inhibitors. Inhibitors can be bio-molecules or chemically synthesized molecules. Compare with explanation about the mechanism of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.arrow_forwardWhich statement is/are TRUE about inhibitors? A. Mode of action of penicillin on bacteria is an example of irreversible inhibition. B. Increasing the substrate concentration does not affect competitive inhibitors C. Uncompetitive inhibitors bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex D. In the Lineweaver-Burke plot, the lines for enzymes in the presence and absence of noncompetitive inhibitor have different x-intercepts.arrow_forward
- In studying an enzyme, you measure activity as a function of substrate, and find that your enzyme follows standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In subsequent studies, as part of a drug screen you have isolated an inhibitor of the enzyme, that when present at 10 mM significantly inhibits enzymatic activity when substrate concentration is low. Briefly describe experiments and expected outcomes to differentiate whether this inhibitor is a competitive inhibitor or a mixed inhibitor.arrow_forwardIn an experiment, three batches of the same enzyme were incubated with 5 mM of substrate and 2 mM of inhibitor. In each batch, the inhibitor was of a different type: a.Batch 1: competitive inhibitor b.Batch 2:uncompetitive inhibitor c.Batch 3:non-competitive inhibitor Assuming that Vmax = 80 mM s', Km = 8 mM, and Kiof all three inhibitors was 10 mM, which of the inhibitors was the most efficient on Vo? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardMatch the different names for inhibition mechanisms (1-5) with a description of their properties 7a-7d: 1. competitive inhibitor. 2. allosteric inhibitor also known as non-competitive inhibitor. 3. un-competitive inhibitor. 4. affinity label also known as active site directed covalent (irreversible) enzyme inhibitor. 5. Kcat inhibitor, also known as a mechanism-based covalent (irreversible) enzyme inhibitor. 4a. An enzyme inhibitor in which a substrate or competitive inhibitor is modified so that it contains a chemically reactive electrophile which can bind to and subsequently react with the enzyme active site: 4b. An enzyme inhibitor that contains latent reactive group that upon binding followed by catalytic turnover at the enzyme active site produces a reactive electrophile that reacts covalently with the enzyme: 4c. A reversible inhibitor that competes with the substrate for binding to the enzyme active site: 4d. A reversible inhibitor that can bind independently of substrate to its…arrow_forward
- Determine whether the following statements describe a reversible competitive inhibitor, a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor, or an irreversible inhibitor. Both the inhibitor and the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme at the same time. The structure of the inhibitor is similar to that of the substrate. The addition of more substrate can reverse the inhibitor effect It forms a covalent bond with the active site.arrow_forwardA new drug has been discovered which inhibits the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A. The information on this drug is shown in the graph below. Based on this information, which one of the following is most correct about this drug? 1/No 2- inhibitor (0.1 uM] no inhibitor 11 1/[S), uM OA. competitive inhibitor binding to the substrate O B. competitive inhibitor binding to free enzyme A OC. uncompetitive inhibitor binding to [ES] O D. uncompetitive inhibitor binding to the Michaelis complex O E. allosteric enzymearrow_forwardThe graphs 3 and 4 representing 1/Vo = f(1/[S]o) have been done in the presence of a competitive (CI) and noncompetitive inhibitor (NCI). a- For each figure, determine from the relative position of the straight lines which one is obtained in presence of an inhibitor. b- Indicate which graph corresponds to the competitive inhibition and which one the noncompetitive inhibition. Justify your answer. c- Complete the graphs by indicating which values can be determined from the arrows. 3 1/No 1/[S]⁰ (4) 1/No 1/[S]oarrow_forward
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