Chapter 21, Problem 21.3P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction $\left(\text{21-5}\right)$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Acid anhydrides can readily undergo alcoholysis, producing esters and carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Complete and detail mechanism for the given reaction $\left(\text{21-6}\right)$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phthalic anhydrides can readily undergo hydrolysis, producing carboxylic acids respectively.

In nucleophilic addition reaction nucleophile is attack on most electrophilic carbon atom results in the formation of new bond between nucleophile and electrophilic carbon atom.

In case of proton transfer reaction proton is abstracted by the electronegative atom like oxygen.

In case of nucleophilic elimination reaction good leaving group (carboxylate anion) is expelled to reform the carbonyl bond.