Biological Science (6th Edition)
Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 8TYU
Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The sequence of reactions to be driven to the left or the right of the given equation, if an underwater volcano bubbled additional CO2 into the ocean and its effect on the pH of the ocean.

Introduction:

According to the Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium law is mainly used for predicting the effect of a change in the conditions on a chemical equilibrium. This principle states that the chemical equilibrium will shift toward the direction opposite to the other side, in which concentration of species is increased. The increase in the concentration of the carbon dioxide shifts the chemical equilibrium to the right side, which leads to the production of the carbonic acid.

Consider the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid:

CO2(g) + H2O(l)⇌CH2O3(aq)

In the ocean, carbonic acid immediately dissociates to form a proton and bicarbonate ion, as follows:

CH2O3(aq)⇌H+(aq) + CHO3(aq)

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Human blood has a pH of approximately 7.4 due to the carbonic acid/bicarbonate ion (H2CO3/HCO3−) buffer system. Any pH changes below 6.8 or above 7.8 can lead to death! Carbonic acid dissociates to form water and carbon dioxide in the equilibrium shown below. This process is crucial in respiration.H2CO3 (aq) ⇋ CO2 (g) + H2O pKa1 = 2.77 Carbonic acid dissociates in water to form the bicarbonate ion and the hydroxonium ion by the following equilibrium reaction:H2CO3 (aq) + H2O ⇋ H3O(aq)+ + HCO3− pKa2 = 3.70   (ii) Explain how a 25% increase in carbonic acid levels may impact the availability of lead if a tainted calcium supplement ends up on the local market
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