Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 2, Problem 5PS
Give the complete symbol
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1. The atoms of elements A (blue) and B
(orange) form two compounds shown here.
Do these compounds obey the law of
multiple proportions? Why? Why not?
2. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of the following species:
(a) 20 1,Na, (b) 2 1,Na, (c) "0, and (d) carbon-14.
3. One isotope of a metallic element has mass number 65 and has 35 neutrons in its nucleus. The
cation derived from the isotope has 28 electrons. Write the symbol for this cation.
Give the chemical symbol, including superscript indicating mass number, for (a) the ion with 22 protons, 26 neutrons,and 19 electrons; and (b) the ion of sulfur that has 16 neutrons and 18 electrons.
The element oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 8,9, and 10 neutrons in
the nucleus, respectively. (a) write the full chemical symbols for these three isotopes. (b)
Describe the similarities and differences between the three kinds of atoms of oxygen.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Ch. 2.1 - 1. What is the mass of an iron atom with 30...Ch. 2.2 - Verify that the atomic weight of chlorine is...Ch. 2.2 - Neon has three stable isotopes, one with a small...Ch. 2.5 - Give the number and identity of the constituent...Ch. 2.5 - (a) Write the formulas of all neutral ionic...Ch. 2.6 - What mass of gold, Au, contains 2.6 1024 atoms?Ch. 2.6 - If you have 454 g of citric acid (H3C6H5O7), what...Ch. 2.7 - 1. Express the composition of ammonium carbonate,...Ch. 2.7 - 1. What is the empirical formula of naphthalene,...Ch. 2.7 - Gallium oxide, GaxOy forms when gallium is combine...
Ch. 2.7 - Hydrated nickel(II) chloride is a beautiful green,...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2.12CYUCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1.1ACPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1.2ACPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.1ACPCh. 2.8 - Salvarsan was long thought to be a single...Ch. 2.8 - To determine the density of atmospheric nitrogen....Ch. 2.8 - The density of a mixture of gases may be...Ch. 2.8 - Atmospheric argon is a mixture of three stable...Ch. 2.8 - Given that the density of argon is 1.78 g/L under...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1PSCh. 2 - Define mass number. What is the difference between...Ch. 2 - An atom has a very small nucleus surrounded by an...Ch. 2 - A gold atom has a radius of 145 pm. If you could...Ch. 2 - Give the complete symbol(ZAX), including atomic...Ch. 2 - Give the complete symbol(ZAX), including atomic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 7PSCh. 2 - Atomic structure. (a) The synthetic radioactive...Ch. 2 - Prob. 9PSCh. 2 - In 1886 Eugene Goldstein observed positively...Ch. 2 - Marie Curie was born in Poland but studied and...Ch. 2 - Prob. 12PSCh. 2 - The mass of an 16 O atom is 15.995 u. What is its...Ch. 2 - What is the mass of one 16O atom, in grams? (The...Ch. 2 - Cobalt has three radioactive isotopes used in...Ch. 2 - Naturally occurring silver exists as two isotopes...Ch. 2 - Name and describe the composition of the three...Ch. 2 - Which of the following are isotopes of element X,...Ch. 2 - Thallium has two stable isotopes, 203TIand 205Tl....Ch. 2 - Strontium has four stable isotopes. Strontium-84...Ch. 2 - Verify that the atomic weight of lithium is 6.94,...Ch. 2 - Verify that the atomic weight of magnesium is...Ch. 2 - Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 69Ga...Ch. 2 - Europium has two stable isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu,...Ch. 2 - Titanium and thallium have symbols that are easily...Ch. 2 - In Groups 4A-6A, there are several elements whose...Ch. 2 - How many periods of the periodic table have 8...Ch. 2 - Prob. 28PSCh. 2 - Prob. 29PSCh. 2 - Prob. 30PSCh. 2 - Classify the following elements as metals,...Ch. 2 - Prob. 32PSCh. 2 - Prob. 33PSCh. 2 - Prob. 34PSCh. 2 - What is the charge on the common monatomic ions of...Ch. 2 - What is the charge on the common monatomic ions of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 37PSCh. 2 - Prob. 38PSCh. 2 - When a potassium atom becomes a monatomic ion, how...Ch. 2 - When oxygen and sulfur atoms become monatomic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 41PSCh. 2 - Prob. 42PSCh. 2 - Give the formula and the number of each ion that...Ch. 2 - Give the formula and the number of each ion that...Ch. 2 - Prob. 45PSCh. 2 - Prob. 46PSCh. 2 - Prob. 47PSCh. 2 - Prob. 48PSCh. 2 - Prob. 49PSCh. 2 - Prob. 50PSCh. 2 - Prob. 51PSCh. 2 - Prob. 52PSCh. 2 - Write the formulas for the four ionic compounds...Ch. 2 - Write the formulas for the four ionic compounds...Ch. 2 - Sodium ions, Na+, form ionic compounds with...Ch. 2 - Consider the two ionic compounds NaCl and CaO. In...Ch. 2 - Prob. 57PSCh. 2 - Name each of the following binary, nonionic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 59PSCh. 2 - Prob. 60PSCh. 2 - Calculate the mass, in grams, of each the...Ch. 2 - Calculate the mass, in grams, of each the...Ch. 2 - Calculate the amount (moles) represented by each...Ch. 2 - Calculate the amount (moles) represented by each...Ch. 2 - You are given 1.0-g samples of He, Fe, Li, Si, and...Ch. 2 - You are given 0.10-g samples of K, Mo, Cr, and Al....Ch. 2 - Analysis of a 10.0-g sample of apatite (a major...Ch. 2 - A semiconducting material is composed of 52 g of...Ch. 2 - Calculate the molar mass of each of the following...Ch. 2 - Calculate the molar mass of each of the following...Ch. 2 - Calculate the molar mass of each hydrated...Ch. 2 - Prob. 72PSCh. 2 - What mass is represented by 0.0255 mol of each of...Ch. 2 - Assume you have 0.123 mol of each of the following...Ch. 2 - Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is made industrially in...Ch. 2 - How many ammonium ions and how many sulfate ions...Ch. 2 - Acetaminophen, whose structure is drawn below, is...Ch. 2 - An Alka-Seltzer tablet contains 324 mg of aspirin...Ch. 2 - Calculate the mass percent of each element in the...Ch. 2 - Calculate the mass percent of each element in the...Ch. 2 - Calculate the mass percent of copper in CuS,...Ch. 2 - Calculate the mass percent of titanium in the...Ch. 2 - Succinic acid occurs in fungi and lichens. Its...Ch. 2 - An organic compound has the empirical formula...Ch. 2 - Prob. 85PSCh. 2 - Complete the following table:Ch. 2 - Acetylene is a colorless gas used as a fuel in...Ch. 2 - A large family of boron-hydrogen compounds has the...Ch. 2 - Cumene, a hydrocarbon, is a compound composed only...Ch. 2 - In 2006, a Russian team discovered an interesting...Ch. 2 - Mandelic acid is an organic acid composed of...Ch. 2 - Nicotine, a poisonous compound found in tobacco...Ch. 2 - A compound containing xenon and fluorine was...Ch. 2 - Elemental sulfur (1.256 g) is combined with...Ch. 2 - Epsom salt is used in tanning leather and in...Ch. 2 - You combine 1.25 g of germanium, Ge, with excess...Ch. 2 - The mass spectrum of nitrogen dioxide is...Ch. 2 - The mass spectrum of phosphoryl chloride. POF3, is...Ch. 2 - The mass spectrum of CH3Cl is illustrated here....Ch. 2 - Prob. 100PSCh. 2 - Fill in the blanks in the table (one column per...Ch. 2 - Potassium has three naturally occurring isotopes...Ch. 2 - Crossword Puzzle: In the 2 2 box shown here, each...Ch. 2 - The following chart shows a general decline in...Ch. 2 - Copper atoms. (a) What is the average mass of one...Ch. 2 - Prob. 106GQCh. 2 - Prob. 107GQCh. 2 - Identify two nonmetallic elements that have...Ch. 2 - Prob. 109GQCh. 2 - Prob. 110GQCh. 2 - Prob. 111GQCh. 2 - When a sample of phosphorus burns in air, the...Ch. 2 - Although carbon-12 is now used as the standard for...Ch. 2 - A reagent occasionally used in chemical synthesis...Ch. 2 - Prob. 115GQCh. 2 - Prob. 116GQCh. 2 - Which of the following compounds has the highest...Ch. 2 - Which of the following samples has the largest...Ch. 2 - The structure of one of the bases in DNA, adenine,...Ch. 2 - Prob. 120GQCh. 2 - A drop of water has a volume of about 0.050 mL....Ch. 2 - Capsaicin, the compound that gives the hot taste...Ch. 2 - Prob. 123GQCh. 2 - Write the molecular formula and calculate the...Ch. 2 - Malic acid, an organic acid found in apples,...Ch. 2 - Your doctor has diagnosed you as being anemicthat...Ch. 2 - A compound composed of iron and carbon monoxide,...Ch. 2 - Ma huang, an extract from the ephedra species of...Ch. 2 - Saccharin, a molecular model of which is shown...Ch. 2 - Prob. 130GQCh. 2 - Write the formula for each of the following pounds...Ch. 2 - Complete the table by placing symbols, formulas,...Ch. 2 - Empirical and molecular formulas. (a)...Ch. 2 - Cacodyl, a compound containing arsenic, was...Ch. 2 - The action of bacteria on meat and fish produces a...Ch. 2 - In the laboratory you combine 0.125 g of nickel...Ch. 2 - A compound called MMT was once used to boost the...Ch. 2 - Elemental phosphorus is made by heating calcium...Ch. 2 - Chromium is obtained by heating chromium(III)...Ch. 2 - Stibnite, Sb2S3, is a dark gray mineral from which...Ch. 2 - Direct reaction of iodine (I2) and chlorine (Cl2)...Ch. 2 - In a reaction, 2.04 g of vanadium combined with...Ch. 2 - Iron pyrite, often called fools gold, has the...Ch. 2 - Which of the following statements about 57.1 g of...Ch. 2 - The formula of barium molybdate is BaMoO4. Which...Ch. 2 - A metal M forms a compound with the formula MCl4....Ch. 2 - Pepto-Bismol, which can help provide relief for an...Ch. 2 - The weight percent of oxygen in an oxide that has...Ch. 2 - The mass of 2.50 mol of a compound with the...Ch. 2 - The elements A and Z combine to produce two...Ch. 2 - Polystyrene can be prepared by heating styrene...Ch. 2 - A sample of hemoglobin is found to be 0.335% iron....Ch. 2 - Consider an atom of 64Zn. (a) Calculate the...Ch. 2 - Estimating the radius of a lead atom. (a) You are...Ch. 2 - A piece of nickel foil, 0.550 mm thick and 1.25 cm...Ch. 2 - Uranium is used as a fuel, primarily in the form...Ch. 2 - In an experiment, you need 0.125 mol of sodium...Ch. 2 - Mass spectrometric analysis showed that there are...Ch. 2 - If Epsom salt, MgSO4 x H2O, is heated to 250 C,...Ch. 2 - The alum used in cooking is potassium aluminum...Ch. 2 - Tin metal (Sn) and purple iodine (I2) combine to...Ch. 2 - When analyzed, an unknown compound gave these...Ch. 2 - Two general chemistry students working together in...Ch. 2 - To find the empirical formula of tin oxide, you...Ch. 2 - Prob. 165SCQCh. 2 - Prob. 166SCQCh. 2 - The photo here depicts what happens when a coil of...Ch. 2 - A jar contains some number of jelly beans. To find...
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- Give the complete symbol (XZA), including atomic number and mass number, of (a) a nickel atom with 31 neutrons, and (b) a tungsten atom with 110 neutrons.arrow_forwardThe formula of water is If-O. Which of the following is indicated by this formula? Explain your answer. a. The mass of hydrogen is twice that of oxygen in each molecule. b. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per water molecule. c. The mass of oxygen is twice that of hydrogen in each molecule. d. There are two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom per water molecule.arrow_forwardGive the complete symbol(ZAX), including atomic number and mass number, of (a) a nickel atom with 31 neutrons, (b) a plutonium atom with 150 neutrons, and (c) a tungsten atom with 110 neutrons.arrow_forward
- Two compounds of iron and chlorine, A and B, contain 1.270 g and 1.904 g of chlorine, respectively, for each gram of iron. Show that these amounts are in the ratio 2 : 3. Is this consistent with the law of multiple proportions? Explain.arrow_forwardTwo basic laws of chemistry are the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant composition. Which of these laws (if any) do the following statements illustrate? (a) The mass of phosphorus, P, combined with one gram of hydrogen, H, in the highly toxic gas phosphene, PH3, is a little more than twice the mass of nitrogen, N, combined with one gram of hydrogen in ammonia gas, NH3. (b) A cold pack has the same mass before and after the seal between two reactants is broken to allow reaction to occur. (c) It is highly improbable that carbon monoxide gas found in Los Angeles is C1.2O1.1.arrow_forwardThere are 2.619 1022 atoms in 1.000 g of sodium. Assume that sodium atoms are spheres of radius 1.86 and that they are lined up side by side. How many miles in length is the line of sodium atoms?arrow_forward
- The element europium exists in nature as two isotopes: 151Eu has a mass of 150.9196 amu, and 153Eu has a mass of 152.9209 amu. The average atomic mass of europium is 151.96 amu. a. Calculate the relative abundance of the two europium isotopes. b. Graph each fractional abundance value as a y-axis value in association with its corresponding mass value on the x-axis. Starting from each x-axis value, where y = 0, draw a vertical line up to the fractional abundance value. The result will approximate the type of visual graph a mass spectrometer would yield for europium in the 150155 amu range.arrow_forwardTwo elements, R and Q, combine to form two binary compounds. In the first compound, 14.0 g of R combines with 3.00 g of Q. In the second compound, 7.00 g of R combines with 4.50 g of Q. Show that these data are in accord with the law of multiple proportions. If the formula of the second compound is RQ, what is the formula of the first compound?arrow_forwardStrontium has four stable isotopes. Strontium-84 has a very low natural abundance, but 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr are all reasonably abundant. Knowing that the atomic weight of strontium is 87.62, which of the more abundant isotopes predominates?arrow_forward
- 2.75 Chlorine has only two isotopes, one with mass 35 and the other with mass 37. One is present at roughly 75% abundance, and the atomic weight of chlorine on a periodic table is 35.45. Which must be the correct mass spectrum for chlorine?arrow_forwardThe element bromine is Br2, so the mass of a Br2 molecule is the sum of the mass of its two atoms. Bromine has two isotopes. The mass spectrum of Br2 produces three peaks with relative masses of 157.836, 159.834, and 161.832, and relative heights of 6.337, 12.499. and 6.164, respectively. (a) What isotopes of bromine are present in each of the three peaks? (b) What is the mass of each bromine isotope? (c) What is the average atomic mass of bromine? (d) What is the abundance of each of the two bromine isotopes?arrow_forwardWhat are the live most abundant elements (by mass) in the earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere?arrow_forward
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