Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134395326
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Suzanne M. Keller
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 45CT
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The change in one amino acid could affect hemoglobin function.
Introduction:
The hemoglobin is a multi-subunit protein that carries the oxygen throughout the body via red blood cells (RBCs). Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a condition in which the shape of the hemoglobin is changed and so, its function is altered. The genetic error that causes SCA begins at the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) level. Thus, the synthesized hemoglobin has one amino acid difference as compared to the normal hemoglobin.
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Students have asked these similar questions
sickle hemoglobin when deoxygenated will create a long line of protein cells? is this true?
Please explain your answer. thanks
Sickle cell anemia is associated with which of the following:
Question 27 options:
Sticky patches on the hemoglobin surface only present in the T-state
Sticky patches on the hemoglobin surface only present in the R-state
A mutant form of hemoglobin called Ɣ-hemoglobin
Decreased ability to stabilize the T-state with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Decreased ability to bind heme because of the Bohr effect
Hemoglobin glycation (so named to distinguish it from glycosylation, which is the enzymatic transfer of
glucose to a protein) is a non-enzymatic process that involves reaction of the N-terminal amino group of
hemoglobin and glucose. The amount of glycated hemoglobin (GHB) is usually about 5% of total
hemoglobin (and corresponds to a blood glucose concentration of 120 mg/100 mL). However, in people
with untreated diabetes this value may be as high as 13%, which indicates an average blood level of
about 300 mg/100 mL -dangerously high. One of the aims of insulin therapy is to maintain GHB values of
about 7%. Draw a possible chemical scheme for the glycation of hemoglobin.
Chapter 2 Solutions
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th Edition)
Ch. 2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 2 - 2. Pick out the correct match(es) of element and...Ch. 2 - Important functions of water include which of the...Ch. 2 - 4. Alkaline substances include which of the...Ch. 2 - Glucose is to starch as a. a steroid is to a...Ch. 2 - 6. What lipid type is stored in fat deposits...Ch. 2 - Absence of which of the following...Ch. 2 - ATP is not associated with a. a basic nucleotide...Ch. 2 - The element essential for normal thyroid function...Ch. 2 - 10. Factors that increase the speed of chemical...
Ch. 2 - Why is a study of basic chemistry essential to...Ch. 2 - Matter occupies space and has mass. Explain how...Ch. 2 - Prob. 13SAECh. 2 - Prob. 14SAECh. 2 - Prob. 15SAECh. 2 - Prob. 16SAECh. 2 - All atoms are neutral. Explain the basis of this...Ch. 2 - Fill in the following table to fully describe an...Ch. 2 - Define radioactivity. If an element has three...Ch. 2 - Prob. 20SAECh. 2 - Prob. 21SAECh. 2 - Prob. 22SAECh. 2 - The two oxygen atoms forming molecules of oxygen...Ch. 2 - Prob. 24SAECh. 2 - 25. Identify each of the following reactions as a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 26SAECh. 2 - Prob. 27SAECh. 2 - 28. Define pH. The pH range of blood is from 7.35...Ch. 2 - Prob. 29SAECh. 2 - Prob. 30SAECh. 2 - Prob. 31SAECh. 2 - Prob. 32SAECh. 2 - 33. Name the two protein classes based on...Ch. 2 - Prob. 34SAECh. 2 - Prob. 35SAECh. 2 - 36. What is the structural unit of nucleic acids?...Ch. 2 - Prob. 37SAECh. 2 - 38. Explain why you can “stack” water slightly...Ch. 2 - Water is a precious natural resource in...Ch. 2 - Explain the unique chemical makeup and...Ch. 2 - 41. Several antibiotics act by binding to certain...Ch. 2 - 42. Mrs. Roberts, who is in a diabetic coma, has...Ch. 2 - Sarah is quite proud of her slender, model-like...Ch. 2 - Prob. 44CTCh. 2 - Prob. 45CT
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- HbA1c is a glycated hemoglobin in which a glucose molecule is covalently bound to the N-terminal valine of a hemoglobin subunit. True Falsearrow_forwardIs there non-functional leukopoiesis in Leukemoid Reaction?arrow_forwardAnemia is characterized by low hemoglobin levels or a reduced number of red blood cells (both of which transport oxygen to cells). A common symptom of anemia is tiredness. a) Explain what the consequences are of anemia on cellular energy production. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effects of anemia and an explanation of this effect.arrow_forward
- Anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin levels or a reduced number of red blood cells (both of which transport oxygen to cells). A common symptom of anemia is tiredness. Please do not copy answers from another website/source. a) Briefly explain what the consequences are of anemia on cellular energy production. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effect of anemia and a brief explanation of this effect.arrow_forwardBence-Jones protein is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and is found in high concentration in the urine of Multiple Myeloma patients. Multiple Myeloma is a type of cancer in which lymphocytes multiply and break down bone marrow and bone. Which method would you prefer to show the Bence-Jones protein in the urine for the diagnosis of the disease? Explain the principle of your preferred method.arrow_forwardOne of your patients, a six-year-old girl who suffers from Sickle cell anemia, an inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped and fragile, leading to a short supply of red blood cells. These abnormal cells can also get stuck in small vessels, which prevent blood flow, leading to fatigue, pain, and other severe complications. Patients with sickle cell anemia produce defective beta-globin due to a point mutation that causes the change of a single amino acid residue. This is an example of what type of mutation? nonsense mutation missense mutation frameshift mutation deletion mutationarrow_forward
- How many beta globin genes are there?arrow_forwardOne molecule of 2,3-BPG binds to one tetramer of hemoglobin in a central cavity of the hemoglobin molecule. Is the interaction between BPG and hemoglobin stronger or weaker than it would be if BPG bound to the surface of the protein instead? Explain your answer (hint: think about how these different situations affect the dielectric constant).arrow_forwardGlucose reacts slowly with hemoglobin and other proteins to form covalent compounds. Why is glucose reactive? What is the nature of the adduct formed?arrow_forward
- Hemoglobin is a complex protein that contains four polypeptide chains. The normal hemoglobin found in adults—called adult hemoglobin— consists of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains, which are encoded by different loci. Sickle-cell hemoglobin, which causes sicklecell anemia, arises from a mutation in the beta chain of adult hemoglobin. Adult hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin differ in a single amino acid: the sixth amino acid from one end in adult hemoglobin is glutamic acid, whereas sickle-cell hemoglobin has valine at this position. After consulting the genetic code provided in Figure 15.10, indicate the type and location of the mutation that gave rise tosickle-cell anemia.arrow_forwardWhy people with PK deficiency may tolerate a lower hemoglobin level than people with other types of anemia in which 2,3-DPG is not elevated? explain as simple as possiblearrow_forwardThe Bence-Jones protein is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and is found in high concentration in the urine of MulKpl Myeloma patients. MulKpl Myeloma is a type of cancer in which lymphocytes multiply and break down bone marrow and bone. Which method would you prefer to show the Bence-Jones protein in the urine for the diagnosis of the disease? Explain the principle of your preferred method.arrow_forward
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