BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 19, Problem 1S
The fate map for C. elegans (refer to figure 19.3) diagrams development of a multicellular organism from a single cell. Use this fate map to determine the number of cell divisions required to establish the population of cells that will become (a) the nervous system and (b) the gonads.
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A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed.
Use the passage to answer the question.
Suppose that somite stem cells commit to their cell fates by three days post fertilization. Which result would be MOST likely in the chick embryos receiving somites transplanted in the reverse order?
A.
The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because local signaling molecules appropriately pattern the developing organs.
B.
The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because transcriptional programs activated in the nucleus cannot be reversed.…
A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed.
Use the passage to answer the question.
As the somite cells develop into muscles, regular depolarizations in the muscles are required for the brain to properly form circuits with developing organs. Based on this observation, which prediction is MOST likely true?
A.
The muscles release neurotransmitters to stimulate the innervating neurons.
B.
The innervating neurons release neurotransmitters to stimulate the muscles.
C.
The muscles release hormones to stimulate the innervating neurons.
D.
The innervating neurons…
A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed.
Use the passage to answer the question.
Observations of the developing chick embryo reveal that skeletal muscles develop from the transplanted somites even though motor neurons innervating those muscles arise from chick neural crest cells. Based on these observations, what is MOST likely true?
A.
Neural crest cells differentiate into somites.
B.
Neural crest cells fuse with developing somite cells.
C.
Neural crest cells develop from migrating somite cells.
D.
Neural crest cells send projections into developing…
Chapter 19 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 19.2 - Distinguish differences in cell division between...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 19.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 19.5 - Describe D/V axis formation in Drosophila.Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 3LOCh. 19.7 - Prob. 1LOCh. 19.7 - Prob. 2LOCh. 19.7 - Prob. 3LOCh. 19 - What type of cells would develop if you injected...Ch. 19 - The sheep used for the donor nucleus had a...Ch. 19 - During development, cells become a. differentiated...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2UCh. 19 - Prob. 3UCh. 19 - Prob. 4UCh. 19 - Plant meristems a. are only present during...Ch. 19 - Prob. 6UCh. 19 - The process of nuclear reprogramming a. is a...Ch. 19 - What is the common theme in cell determination by...Ch. 19 - The process of reproductive cloning a. shows that...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3ACh. 19 - Prob. 4ACh. 19 - The genes that encode the morphogen gradients in...Ch. 19 - What would be the likely result of a mutation of...Ch. 19 - MADS-box, and Hox genes are a. found only in...Ch. 19 - The fate map for C. elegans (refer to figure 19.3)...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2SCh. 19 - You have generated a set of mutant embryonic mouse...Ch. 19 - Assume you have the factors in hand necessary to...
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- Briefly discuss the role of the following proteins/cellular components (centrosome, microtubules, par-2, par-3) in establishing cell polarity in the elegans embryo. In your answer, identify the component that breaks embryonic symmetry to starts the process of distinguishing anterior from posterior?arrow_forwardA researcher performs a tissue transplant experiment with an early Drosophila embryo. The researcher observes that transplanting tissue from the area of the embryo that normally becomes the head of the fly to the bottom part of an embryo does not alter the embryological development of that organism. What to conclude from that observation? This observation remains to be explained. The embryo does not produce sufficient survival factors to maintain the transplanted cells. The cell fate of the transplanted cells had not yet been determined. O The transplanted cells all activate the apoptosis response, and thus do not affect the developmental program.arrow_forwardWhat statement best describes the difference between "fate maps" and "specification"? If cells are transplanted from their normal region in an embryo to a different region in a recipient embryo, such cells will alter their fate, but not their specification. Cell fate map describes the allocation of cells to the germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm, whereas specification describes the exact tissues that each cell will ultimately become. The fate map of an embryo does not change during development -- the fate map of an egg is the same as the fate map of a late blastula -- whereas the specification map of an embryo changes continually as the embryo's development proceeds. The fate map of a cell is determined by labelling that cell and following it during normal development, whereas the specification state of a cell is determined by culturing a cell in an artificial medium and observing what tissues form from it.arrow_forward
- Elaborate on the statement “embryonic development involves both activation and inhibition”. Support your answer with TWO specific developmental signal pathways.arrow_forward--------------- A. Answer the following questions briefly (3-5 sentences only).1. How are the three axes for symmetry in the animal bodies established?2. Explain how the different germ layers give rise to different tissue types.3. Explain the role of axis formation in development B. write down the autapomorphic traits for the c3, c4, CAM plants and include their distinct environments Link: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-ecology-of-photosynthetic-pathways-15785165/arrow_forwardRight after the fertilization process, the zygote polarizes first its membrane and then its cytoplasm. Please draw a diagram identifying the main molecular events that induce the membrane polarization of the zygote.arrow_forward
- Explain why axis-determination is a crucial aspect of embryonic development. Explain how maternal-effect genes encode cytoplasmic factors that play a role in axis determination.arrow_forwardFor each of the following: ECM, CAMs and cell junctions, describe at least 2 specific examples of a developmental process that include molecules from the category as a component. Specify the molecule involved in each category (e.g. ECM: collagen, CAMs: cadherins, Cell junctions: desmosomes). Include images to illustrate the process. Category Developmental Process Image ECM 1 2 CAMs 1 2 Cell Junctions 1 2arrow_forwardOne of the main questions in the field of developmental biology is how cell differentiation works at a molecular level, If vou are a student studving the process of cell differentiation, what would you be studying? Select all correct answers. Whether cells in one species can be transplanted into another species. A. How cells undergo changes in shape, division, and migration to give tissues and organs their three dimensional form. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood from different species. How cells become different from each other and carry out distinct functions due to differential gene expression. OD. Whether certain genes are oncogenes or tumor suppressors in human cancers. E. How muscle progenitor cells undergo changes to become skeletal muscle cells. F.arrow_forward
- Researchers investigated the step-by-step processes of cell differentiation in somites through experiments in which cells were transplanted from one location to another early after somite formation. What did these experiments show? The cells of a somite are determined as the somite matures in response to cell-to-cell signals. The cells of a somite are irreversibly determined as soon as the somite is formed, based on cell-to-cell signals. The cells of a somite are determined as the somite matures in response to internal cytoplasmic signals. The cells of a somite are irreversibly determined as soon as the somite is formed, based on internal cytoplasmicarrow_forwardWhich of the following is an example of conditional specification? Multiple Drosophila nuclei division without cellularization of blastomeres Destroying one half of a 2 cell stage Xenopus embryo and subsequent loss of half the embryological structures Separation of sea urchin blastomeres resulting in individual pluteus larva development Differentiation concentration of paracrine factors within the embryo cytoplasmarrow_forwardNotice that the size of the scale bar is 50 um. Keeping this image available, watch the șsea 4. Finding the size of a sea urchin embryo Observe the image of the sea urchin embryo. 50μm Photo credit. urchin embryo cell division movie Calculate the diameter of a sea urchin embryo at he one-, two-, and four-cell stages, Show your calculations below. If that video doesn't play (it unfortunately requires Flash), you can try this similar but longer one that involves a longer story of sea urchin romance preceding fertilization and zygote divisions! It lacks a scale bar, but you can use the scale bar from the image above. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v3D4445zftlCDQ a. One cell-your calculations: b. Two cells-your calculations: c. Four cells-your calculations:arrow_forward
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