Concept explainers
Introduction:
A vaccine is defined as a preparation of bacterial, viral, or other pathogenic agents or their isolated peptides, which is administered with the objective of eliciting the recipient’s immunity. They are generally categorized into attenuated and inactivated vaccines. In attenuated vaccines, the immune response eliciting agentsare the weakened pathogens that cannot cause disease. They replicate in the recipient’s body and cause mild infection, which usually cannot be detected and elicits an immune response providing long-lasting immunity. Inactivated vaccines have inactivated pathogens as immune response eliciting agent. These agents do not replicate in therecipient’s body.
Immunosuppressed individuals are those individuals that have diminished immune response to antigens due to varied reasons ranging from systematic illness to immunosuppressive treatments. Measles is a viral infection caused by approximately 21 different strains of thevirus. The most common symptoms seen during a measles infection are adry cough, regular sneezing, and watery eyes. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine are usually administered to prevent measles.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
NESTER'S MICROBIOLOGY
- Influenza vaccines must be changed yearly because the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins change gradually over time. Based on this information, which is the most logical conclusion? The influenza virusa) is enveloped. b) is non-enveloped.c) has a DNA genome. d) has an RNA genome.e) causes a persistent infection.arrow_forwardA live vaccine (aka attenuated vaccine) contains A.) antibodies. B.) a pathogen that does not cause an immune response. C.) a pathogen that causes mild, if any, symptoms. D.) a pathogen that does not contain recognizable epitopes.arrow_forwardA vaccine that employs a toxoid is based upon a ______. A) antibody B) attenuated virus C) histamine D) inactivated form of a bacterial exotoxinarrow_forward
- n the "Vaccine Strategies" figure, multiple vaccination options are presented. Select all options below which are options under consideration for the COVID-19 vaccine. A). Injection of a weakened virus B). Injection of an inactive virus. C). Injection of a related coronavirus. D). Injection of genetic material to produce viral proteins directly in the cell.arrow_forwardWhy must a new flu vaccine be manufactured annually? A.) The flu causes mutations in the host cell DNA. B.) Sexual reproduction between flu viruses creates new strains. C.) The genes for the proteins on the exterior of the flu virus mutate frequently. D.) The flu virus develops methods to break down the vaccine.arrow_forwardWhat is the most successful treatment during pregnancy to reduce transmission of HIV from mother to fetus? A) Pre-exposure prophylaxis B) Protease inhibitors C) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors D) Fusion inhibitorsarrow_forward
- Decreasing the amount of cytokine produced by the body would most directly prevent what event during the progression of COVID-19 in its host? A). Early viral infection of host cells. B). Replication of infected cells. C). Excessive damage to lung cells by the hot immune system. D). Transmission of the virus from one host to another.arrow_forward(Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting oxygen but contain little else. They lack a nucleus and most organelles. Are red blood cells more or less likely to be infected by a virus? a) More likely b) Less likely 2) How does SARS-COV-2 genetic material get replicated? a) Host cell DNA polymerase b) Host cell RNA polymerase c) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and built in the host cell d) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and originated from the virus 3) How does SARS-COV-2 proteins get built? a) The host cell's ribosome b) Ribosome encoded for by viral genome and built in host cellarrow_forwardThe flu virus in flu vaccines is a dead virus. The term to describe the virus in this situation is _______________. A) Attenuated B) Inactivated C) Toxin derived D) Immunoglobulinarrow_forward
- Which of the following is the best reason for using a plant to deliver a vaccine? A) Plants can deliver the highest quantity of antigen. B) Plants can be eaten and give gastrointestinal immunity. C) Plants can harbor live attenuated whole-agents. D) The plant cell walls will prevent the antigen from exiting the cells. E) A gene for an antigenic protein can only be expressed in plants.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the entry of HIV-1 into a T cell. b) The deletion that produced CCR5Δ32 caused a frameshift which extends the length of the protein product. c) CCR5Δ32 prevents infection by HIV-1 in homozygotes but only delays the onset of HIV symptoms in heterozygotes. d) The protein product produced by CCR5Δ32 is altered in such a manner that it cannot embed in the cell membrane.arrow_forward3) What is the most successful treatment during pregnancy to reduce transmission of HIV from mother to fetus? A) Pre-exposure prophylaxis B) Protease inhibitors C) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Chapter 19 Micro Biology D) Fusion inhibitorsarrow_forward
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