Why must a new flu vaccine be manufactured annually? A.) The flu causes mutations in the host cell DNA. B.) Sexual reproduction between flu viruses creates new strains. C.) The genes for the proteins on the exterior of the flu virus mutate frequently. D.) The flu virus develops methods to break down the vaccine.

Live, attenuated vaccines ________.   A) All of the choices are correct.   B) contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person   C) include the Sabin polio vaccine   D) require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines   E) include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR)

Q1

At which stage of viral infection did these mutations most likely occur?   a.) Attachment b.) Entry c.) Uncoating d.) Protein syntheis e.) Genome replicaton f.) Assembly g.) Exit

The life cycle of which of these viruses depends on reverse transcriptase? A)HPV, a DNA virus B)HIV, a (+)RNA retrovirus C)SARS-Cov-2, a (+) RNA virus D)Influenza, a (–) RNA virus

Which of the following could not be used a a host cell receptor for viral entry?   a.) LPS on bacterial cells   b.) Surface glycoproteins on human cells   c.)Flagella   d.) Ribosomes

Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.

Which of the following viral components must get into a cell's cytoplasm in order for the virus to be replicated? A) Protein spikes B) The virus envelope C) The virus genome D) The virus capsid