Why must a new flu vaccine be manufactured annually? A.) The flu causes mutations in the host cell DNA. B.) Sexual reproduction between flu viruses creates new strains. C.) The genes for the proteins on the exterior of the flu virus mutate frequently. D.) The flu virus develops methods to break down the vaccine.

Q: The Shingles virus causes infections in adult patients years after they have experienced chicken pox…

A: Virus is a microscopic organism which contains a protective coat and the nucleic acid. It doesn’t…

Q: D) polyhedral The first step in viral infection is the recognition between the virus and the host…

A: The virus is a microscopic organism that infects other cells to survive. The virus can only…

Q: A substance that is used to prevent viral diseases is called? a.) vaccine b.) Neosporin c.) Hydrogen…

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious microorganism made up of a protein-coated segment of nucleic…

Q: 41) For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that…

A: Immunity is an organism's ability to resist and protect itself from potential threats such as…

Q: If you give Jim an intramuscular (IM) injection of a weakened virus, this is an example of a(n)…

A: In this question asked about immunity.  Detailed solution in step 2.

Q: A viral particle adsorbs onto a host cell membrane. It uncoats and releases its single-stranded…

A: Viruses are differing entities that can be classified based on their nucleic acid type, replication…

Q: Severely immunosuppressed people should not receive the measles vaccine. Based on this information,…

A: Vaccines contain live attenuated or killed (inactivated) organisms that are injected to the person…

Q: Which form of poliovirus vaccine is better at eliminatingviruses in the gastrointestinal tract?(a)…

A: Poliomyelitis or polio is an infectious medical condition caused by the poliovirus that mainly…

Q: Comparing the number of infections, people catch cold so much more often than flu .Why haven’t we…

A: Vaccination is the artificial way of injecting the pathogen either dead or alive so as to prevent…

Q: Which of the following statements is true for a retrovirus? a) It contains both RNA and DNA. b) It…

A: Introduction  Viruses are small infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of…

Q: 28. Class VI animal viruses include the retroviruses such as HIV. What type of enzyme does HIV…

A: The correct option is A) Reverse transcriptase. When the HIV has gained entry, the introduction of…

Q: 1)Describe the key processes involved in vaccine manufacturing

A: As there are multiple question, So I am solving 1st question for you.

Q: Which of the following processes occurs in both lytic and nonlytic viral infections?(i) Infected…

A: Statement (i) Infected cell ruptures to release viral particles is only limited to lytic cycle…

Q: The emergence of new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine had been reported in a number of…

A: Yet some immunization efforts deliver the very rare hazard of causing polioviruses to flow into…

Q: You have been hired by a major pharmaceutical company to develop a new vaccine to prevent COVID-19…

A: Virus comes from the Latin word venom which mean poisonous substance that may cause some serious…

Q: HIV may not respond toa) Nucleoside analoguesb) Protease inhibitorsc) Neuraminidase inhibitorsd)…

A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a retrovirus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome…

Q: Why is it difficult to develop a universal flu vaccine?

A: A universal flu vaccine refers to the type of vaccine that will be functional against all kinds of…

Q: i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how…

A: Bats are classified into mammals with the order Chiroptera. Bats forelimbs are adapted as a wings…

Q: Regarding recombinant vaccines, it is INCORRECT to state that: (Only one statement corresponds to…

A: Genetic engineering is one of the emerging fields associated with biotechnology. This technique…

Q: low can the Dengyaxia vaccination controversy affect the Covid-19 vaccination in the -hilippines? a)…

A: When the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, was announced in last November 2020, which confirmed that…

Q: . Disabling surface protease enzymes on lung cells would most likely interfere with what stage of…

A: Virus nuclear content whether single or double-stranded RNA or DNA is encapsulated in a protective…

Q: iCQ5) viruses are able to by using the enzyme integrase. a) Lysogenic; Release from the cell without…

A: An infectious bacterium called a virus is made up of a protein-coated fragment of nucleotides.

Q: In retroviruses, transcription of the provirus: A) converts viral RNA into viral DNA B) does not…

A: Retroviruses possess RNA as genetic material. When it enters host cells, it's RNA gets converted…

Q: Influenza vaccines must be changed yearly because the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins…

A: The Earth is inhabited by a plethora of organisms. These organisms may be multicellular or…

Q: Attenuation is problematic in viral studies when: a) Strains lose virulence, and thus their…

A: Attenuation is the process of weakening a disease-causing virus in a laboratory so that it can no…

Q: Prions

A: Prions: This term means proteinaceous infectious particles. These are virus like organisms which…

Q: Eukaryotic viruses   a.) Can attach to LPS to promote viral entry   b.) Can replicate in the host…

A: Eukaryotic viruses --------- b. Can replicate in the host cell nucleus.…

Q: Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication…

A: The positive sense single stranded RNA virus can replicate only with the help of host cells. In…

Q: n the "Vaccine Strategies" figure, multiple vaccination options are presented. Select all options…

A: Vaccine refer to the material used to induce artificial active immunity.  Vaccine is of following…

Q: When it comes to HIV, your chances of getting it goes up if the needle

A: HIV Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, it is the main cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency…

Q: Which statement is true of viral replication?  A)  virus attaches to a specific receptor site on…

A: A virus is a non-cellular, infectious entity that is minuscule in size and can survive by surviving…

Q: Antiretroviral drugs target various aspects of HIV replication and infection. Which of the following…

A: A combination of medications known as antiretroviral therapy (ART) works to stop several stages of…

Q: Which structure of a virus protects it from degradation, contains its genome, and enables it to be…

A: Virus is a microscopic organism that vary in size and shape and cause harmful infectious diseases.…

Q: What is the major difference between common cold and flu? Why has no vaccine been developed for the…

A: Respiratory disorder causes several structural and functional alterations such as detachment of…

Q: (a) Explain what specificity means in the context of a COVID test.   (b) Explain what sensitivity…

A: Virus  The is a submicroscopic organism that causes many serious diseases in plant as well as…

Q: ii) Companies developing vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics for Covid-19 are being forced to scale up…

A: yes, because of the condition severity and demand, the high speed manufacturing required.

Q: you need a flu shot every year/season because (HA-haemoagglutinin; NA-neuroaminidase) A) the virus…

A: The viruses are constantly changing. So to keep yourself protected it is utmost important to get…

Q: Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA…

A: Retro viruses are a special kind of viruses that have reverse flow of genetic information. That is…

Q: we can stop the biosynthesis stage of the viral life cycle (not the stages before it) by…

A: The virus life cycle in a host involves few stages: they are: Aattachment of phage to the surface…

Q: To date, there is no cure for HIV. Because of this, the will be present in an infected individual…

A: The term "disease" indicates "without ease or comfort." It is defined as the condition of illness in…

Q: Practice q11 What is used to make the flu vaccine? a)Milk b)Eggs c)Dogs d)Rabbits

A: Flu  It is a contagious respiratory illness. Flu is caused by influenza viruses. It may cause mild…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.