Concept explainers
To determine: The name of important neurotransmitters and paracrines that are responsible for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.
Introduction: Air travels to the lungs with the help of trachea (windpipe). The trachea divides into two branches which open in both the lungs. These branches are called bronchi. Bronchi are again divided into several bronchioles.
To determine: The name of receptors through which paracrine and neurotransmitters act.
Introduction: Paracrines are the hormones that diffuse from their from their target and target the nearby cells in the neighbourbood. The neurotransmitters are released by nerve cells at the empty space known as synapse, where they are taken by next nerve cell and the information is carried on.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- 1) During alveolar HYPERventilation, levels of blood CO2 drop while blood O2 is elevated. What reflexive responses will this stimulate from the CPG? a) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons. b) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, stimulating I and E motor neurons. c) Decreased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons. d) Increased DRG and VRG activity in the medulla, inhibiting I and E motor neurons.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about type I respiratory failure is correct? CNS depression with reduced respiratory drive can lead to type I respiratory failure. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is above 45 mmHg. It is caused by gas-exchange respiratory failure. Medical ventilator should be used in patients with type I respiratory failure. Hypercapnia occurs prior to hypoxemia.arrow_forwardWhat do muscarinic receptors (M3) do in the bronchial smooth muscle?arrow_forward
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- Discuss the roles of the following in controlling respiration:respiratory center, vagus nerve, and carotid bodies.arrow_forwardA respiratory chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that transduces achemical signal into an action potential. Which of the following is FALSEabout the respiratory chemoreceptors? Explain the answer. a. The central chemoreceptor is located at the primary respiratory control in the brain.b. The peripheral chemoreceptors are at the lower airways of the respiratory zone.c. Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide.d. Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to decreased oxygen levels.arrow_forwardName the vessels (in the correct sequence) that CO2 travels in during transport. Describe what happens to CO2 during external respiration. Which structures does it cross? What is the pathway of CO2 in ventilation? How is it different from the pathway that oxygen takes?arrow_forward
- Choose from the following to fill: Medulla oblongata, CO2 and H +, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, contract, up and out, down, increase, negative, into, stretch receptor in the alveoli, down and in, up, decrease, positive, out of, hypothalamus, CO2 and O2, O2 and H+, abdominal muscles, stretch receptor in the medulla oblongata.arrow_forwardWhat is the effect of Epinephrine on the bronchial airway?arrow_forwardIdentify the receptors for the Respiratory Control Centre:arrow_forward
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