FUND. OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY F16 PKG
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781323431122
Author: Martini
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 17, Problem 13CP
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The effect of deficiency of phosphodiesterase activity in photoreceptors, on the vision of a person.
Introduction:
Phosphodiesterase is the enzyme that breaks the bonds between the phosphate groups. The enzyme is activated when the opsin is activated, transducin molecule acts upon its inactive form. In the cell, the phosphodiesterase catalyses the breakdown of cyclic GMP, that decreases the concentration of cyclic GMP. The lower levels of cyclic GMP induce the closing of the sodium ion channels which causes hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. This decreases the release of neurotransmitters which sends a signal that the photoreceptor has absorbed a photon.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
FUND. OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY F16 PKG
Ch. 17 - Prob. 1CPCh. 17 - Prob. 2CPCh. 17 - Prob. 3CPCh. 17 - Prob. 4CPCh. 17 - If you completely dry the surface of your tongue...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6CPCh. 17 - Prob. 7CPCh. 17 - Prob. 9CPCh. 17 - Prob. 10CPCh. 17 - Prob. 8CP
Ch. 17 - Prob. 11CPCh. 17 - Prob. 12CPCh. 17 - Prob. 13CPCh. 17 - Prob. 14CPCh. 17 - Prob. 15CPCh. 17 - Prob. 16CPCh. 17 - Prob. 1RQCh. 17 - Prob. 2RQCh. 17 - A blind spot occurs in the retina where (a) the...Ch. 17 - Sound waves are convened into mechanical movements...Ch. 17 - The basic receptors in the internal ear are the...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6RQCh. 17 - At sunset, your visual system adapts to (a) fovea...Ch. 17 - Prob. 8RQCh. 17 - The malleus, incus, and stapes are the tiny bones...Ch. 17 - Identify the structures of the external, middle,...Ch. 17 - Prob. 11RQCh. 17 - Prob. 12RQCh. 17 - Prob. 13RQCh. 17 - Prob. 14RQCh. 17 - Prob. 15RQCh. 17 - Prob. 16RQCh. 17 - Prob. 17RQCh. 17 - Prob. 18RQCh. 17 - Prob. 19RQCh. 17 - Prob. 20RQCh. 17 - Prob. 21RQCh. 17 - Prob. 22RQCh. 17 - Prob. 23RQCh. 17 - Prob. 24RQCh. 17 - Prob. 25RQCh. 17 - Prob. 26RQCh. 17 - Prob. 27RQCh. 17 - Prob. 28RQCh. 17 - Prob. 1CCCh. 17 - Prob. 2CC
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- Describe the photochemical reaction in the rods and explain how dark adaptation occurs.arrow_forwardRetinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells Disc membrane 1000000000…………………………. Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP inhibition CGMP GMP PDE6i GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a downstream protein called PDE. Both PDE and the transducin G protein are attached to the plasma membrane by a lipid anchor. This makes them close to each other and facilitates the activation of PDE by the transducin G protein. The activity of the protein PDE can itself be regulated. It can for example be inhibited by a drug called PDE6i. 7. What…arrow_forwardThe order in which the cells in the eye process light is __________. A) photoreceptors; ganglion cells; bipolar cells B) ganglion cells; bipolar cells; photoreceptors C) photoreceptors; bipolar cells; ganglion cells D) bipolar cells; photoreceptors; ganglion cellsarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about photoreceptors is true? A) There are more rod cells in the fovea of the eye, although overall there are more cones in the human eye. B) All of these options C) Photoreceptors are located near the front of the eye, in the cornea. D) There are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, that contain different photopigments.arrow_forwardWhich statement about the events of photoreception is false? a) as a rod cell hyperpolarizes, its release of neurotransmitter increases b) there is more Na+ entry into a rod cell in the dark than in the light c) bipolar cells release more neurotransmitter in the light than in the dark d) as a bipolar cell depolarizes, its release of neurotransmitter increases e) when a rod cell releases neurotransmitter the bipolar cell it synapses with hyperpolarizesarrow_forwardTransduction of a stimulus usually causes depolarization of a sensory receptor. a.)In most receptors, what is the chemical basis for this depolarization (that is, what is the specific mechanism for the change)?b.)How is a photoreceptor different from other receptors in terms of its membrane potential? c.) Explain how photoreceptors in the light can lead to excitation of some bipolar cells and inhibition of othersarrow_forward
- The correct pathway of activation (by sending neuronal signals) in the retina is bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell O bipolar cell - photoreceptor - amacrine cellarrow_forwardkey function of rod photoreceptors is to: detect colors detect fine details in the visual field. detect light under low levels of illumination. detect light under high levels of illumination. During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts: GTP to GDP CGMP to GMP retinal cis to retinal trans retinal trans to retinal cisarrow_forwardWhat do photopigments contain?arrow_forward
- explain the role that β-arrestin plays in the ability of our eyes to adjust to light and dark conditionsarrow_forwardEach of the following statements is false. Correct each statement to make it true. a. Activation of rhodopsin depolarizes photoreceptors. b. Activated rhodopsin activates transducin which deactivates cGMP phosphodiesterase. c. Cyclic GMP binds sodium channels, keeping them open, leading to the depolarization of photoreceptor in light.arrow_forwardWhen light hits a retinal molecule bound to the rhodopsin, the retinal molecule changes its conformation, going from a cis- configuration to an all-trans configuration (see figure below). This forces the rhodopsin receptor to also undergo a change in its conformation and become activated. 11-cis isomer ** Light Retinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells 1000000000000000 Disc membrane 100000000000000 Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP All-trans isomer J Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP CGMP inhibition PDE6i GMP GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a…arrow_forward
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