Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 16, Problem 17Q
To determine
The effect on the overall radius of the Sun, if thermonuclear fusion in the Sun were suddenly to stop.
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The photosphere (the visible surface of the Sun) is at a temperature of 5800 K andsunspots on average are around 4200 K. What is the percent difference in temperaturebetween the photosphere and sunspots? At what wavelength does the radiation emittedby each region peak?
1) a) At what rate is the Sun's mass decreasing due to nuclear reactions Am/At? Use E=mc? and
Lsun=3.839x1026 W and give your answer in Msun/year.
b) And due to solar wind? Calculate the flow using v=500 km/s measured on Earth, n=7x106
particles/m³ and µ=1.
c) Assuming that those 2 processes rates remain constant during the Sun's main-sequence
life, would either mass loss process significantly affect the total mass of the Sun? Use that the
Sun's lifetime in the main-sequence is ~ 1010 years.
a.Calculate the mass loss rate of the Sun M˙ due to the solar wind flow. Assume averageproperties of the solar wind of number density 6 protons cm−3, and a flow speed of 450 kms−1. Express your answer in units of both kg per year, and solar masses per year.
b.Suppose the solar wind flow is perfectly radial. Calculate the expected rate of change ofsolar rotation frequency dω/dt at the present time, based on conservation of angular momentum. Give your answer in units of rad s−1 y−1(i.e., radians per second per year) and alsoin terms of fractional change per year, i.e., 1/ωdω/dt .Use a current solar rotation period of P = 25.38 days to calculate the current angularfrequency of rotation ω. The moment of inertia of a uniform sphere is 2/5 MR2. You canassume that the radius of the Sun is approximately constant, and the change in its momentof inertia due to the solar wind is only due to the mass loss.
c.By observing the rotation period of stars similar to the Sun, it is inferred that their…
Chapter 16 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 16 - Prob. 1QCh. 16 - Prob. 2QCh. 16 - Prob. 3QCh. 16 - Prob. 4QCh. 16 - Prob. 5QCh. 16 - Prob. 6QCh. 16 - Prob. 7QCh. 16 - Prob. 8QCh. 16 - Prob. 9QCh. 16 - Prob. 10Q
Ch. 16 - Prob. 11QCh. 16 - Prob. 12QCh. 16 - Prob. 13QCh. 16 - Prob. 14QCh. 16 - Prob. 15QCh. 16 - Prob. 16QCh. 16 - Prob. 17QCh. 16 - Prob. 18QCh. 16 - Prob. 19QCh. 16 - Prob. 20QCh. 16 - Prob. 21QCh. 16 - Prob. 22QCh. 16 - Prob. 23QCh. 16 - Prob. 24QCh. 16 - Prob. 25QCh. 16 - Prob. 26QCh. 16 - Prob. 27QCh. 16 - Prob. 28QCh. 16 - Prob. 29QCh. 16 - Prob. 30QCh. 16 - Prob. 31QCh. 16 - Prob. 32QCh. 16 - Prob. 33QCh. 16 - Prob. 34QCh. 16 - Prob. 35QCh. 16 - Prob. 36QCh. 16 - Prob. 37QCh. 16 - Prob. 38QCh. 16 - Prob. 39QCh. 16 - Prob. 40QCh. 16 - Prob. 41QCh. 16 - Prob. 42QCh. 16 - Prob. 43QCh. 16 - Prob. 44QCh. 16 - Prob. 45QCh. 16 - Prob. 46QCh. 16 - Prob. 47QCh. 16 - Prob. 48QCh. 16 - Prob. 49QCh. 16 - Prob. 50QCh. 16 - Prob. 51QCh. 16 - Prob. 52QCh. 16 - Prob. 53QCh. 16 - Prob. 54QCh. 16 - Prob. 55QCh. 16 - Prob. 56QCh. 16 - Prob. 57QCh. 16 - Prob. 58QCh. 16 - Prob. 59QCh. 16 - Prob. 60Q
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- Suppose you live in northern Canada and an extremely strong flare is reported on the Sun. What precautions might you take? What might be a positive result?arrow_forwardShow that the statement that 92% of the Sun’s atoms are hydrogen is consistent with the statement that 73% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen, as found in Table 15.2. (Hint: Make the simplifying assumption, which is nearly correct, that the Sun is made up entirely of hydrogen and helium.)arrow_forwardWhy is a higher temperature required to fuse hydrogen to helium by means of the CNO cycle than is required by the process that occurs in the Sun, which involves only isotopes of hydrogen and helium?arrow_forward
- I asked this question already but the answer was wrong and I couldn't follow along with the work so I was hoping you could try again A Sun-like star has a power output of 3.1·1026 W with 87.3% of this energy supplied by the proton-proton chain. How many protons are consumed per second in the core of this star?arrow_forwardd) Calculate what temperature a thermal kinetic energy of 2 keV corresponds to, and compare this with the temperature in the core of the Sun.arrow_forwardHow much would thye wattage increase if the temperature was doubled? ( Use the Stefan-Boltzman law) How much energy is produced when the Sun converts 1 kg. of its mass into energy?arrow_forward
- sketch, that calculates the energy produced by converting Z kilograms of matter into energy, how many atomic bombs of energy that is equivalent to,and how many hurricanes of energy that is equivalent to.z=7.369arrow_forwardMidterm G Which of the following cc locs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAlpQLSehenyKBfzpwA6Ba1LyJILHfOLpHNWF menian America... yyyyyyyyyu E Untitled document -. Alpha particles are electrons helium nuclei negative neutral When an elecuon movesarrow_forwardConsidering your answer to the above question, how does this timescale for the Sun's evaporation by the solar wind compare to the age of the Universe? O The solar wind evaporation time is much longer than the age of the Universe O The solar wind evaporation time is much shorter than the age of the Universe. O The solar wind evaporation time is close to the age of the Universe (ie, within a few billion yearsarrow_forward
- A certain radioactive element has a half life of 3725 years. How much of a 8.03 g sample is left after 2035 years? Answer: What is the energy released when 0.520 g are converted to energy? Express your answer in joules. For self-consistent units you must use kg because 1 J-1 kg m²/s².arrow_forwardAssuming that (1) the solar luminosity has been constant since the Sun formed, and (2) the Sun was initially of uniform composition throughout, as described by Table 9.2, estimate how long it would take the Sun to convert all of its original hydrogen into helium. [Hint: Calculate the mass of hydrogen in the sun and then divide it by the rate of hydrogen fusion (PPT slide 47.)]arrow_forward1. The mass of the Sun is about 2x10³0 kg. The Sun was about 72% hydrogen when it first formed. About 11% of the total amount of the Sun's hydrogen is available for fusion within the Sun's core. [3 points] (a) What is the total mass of hydrogen available for fusion, in kg? (b) The Sun fuses about 600 billion kg of hydrogen each second. Calculate how long the Sun's initial supply of hydrogen can last. Give your answer in both seconds and years. Hint: use the result you calculated in part (a). (c) We know that our Solar System is about 4.5 billion years old. Using your calculation above, how much longer do we have until the Sun runs out of hydrogen?arrow_forward
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