Chapter 16, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The molecule out of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}\text{ or OCS}$ having the greater intermolecular force needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

The order of strength of forces can be shown as:

London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force

Answer to Problem 16E

  ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have weak London dispersion forces, whereas $\text{OCS}$ molecules have dipole-dipole force of attraction.Hence, $\text{OCS}$ molecules have stronger forces comparedto ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ .

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.

  ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule has linear shape and a non-polar compound due to symmetric shape of it. Therefore there are London dispersion forces whereas $\text{OCS}$ molecule is polar as C=S and C=O bonds are not equivalent. Hence $\text{OCS}$ molecules have dipole-dipole forces between molecules.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The molecule out of ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ or SO}}_{\text{2}}$ having the greater intermolecular force needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

The order of strength of forces can be shown as:

London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force

Answer to Problem 16E

  ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have stronger forces compare to ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molar mass increases, the strength of London dispersion forces also increases. Both ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ and ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ have dipole-dipole forces between molecules because both molecules are polar.

In ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ or SO}}_{\text{2}}$ , the molar mass of ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ is higher than ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ therefore ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have stronger forces compare to ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The molecule out of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ or NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ having the greater intermolecular force needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

The order of strength of forces can be shown as:

London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force

Answer to Problem 16E

  ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ molecules have stronger forces compare to ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molar mass increases, the strength of London dispersion forces also increases. Both ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ and ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ have dipole-dipole forces between molecules because both molecules are polar.

Both ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ or NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ can form hydrogen bond due to presence of −NH₂ group in which N is more electronegative. Since ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ has two −NH₂ group, therefore it will form stronger hydrogen bonds compare to ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The molecule out of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_3{\text{ or H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ having the greater intermolecular force needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

The order of strength of forces can be shown as:

London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force

Answer to Problem 16E

  ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ molecules have stronger forces compare to ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_3$ molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molar mass increases, the strength of London dispersion forces also increases. Both ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ and ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ have dipole-dipole forces between molecules because both molecules are polar.

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_3$ is a non-polar molecule and can only form weak London dispersion forces whereas ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ is a polar compound due to presence of polar C=O bond in the molecule. Thus, ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ can form dipole-dipole forces between molecules which are stronger than London dispersion forces.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The molecule out of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{OH or H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ having the greater intermolecular force needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:

• London dispersion force
• Hydrogen bond
• Dipole-dipole bond
• Ion-dipole bond

The order of strength of forces can be shown as:

London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force

Answer to Problem 16E

  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ molecules have stronger forces compare to ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces. As the molar mass increases, the strength of London dispersion forces also increases. Both ${\text{SO}}_{\text{2}}$ and ${\text{SeO}}_{\text{2}}$ have dipole-dipole forces between molecules because both molecules are polar.

  ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ is a polar compound due to presence of polar C=O bond in the molecule. Similarly ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{OH}$ is also polar compound and can form stronger hydrogen bonding due to the presence of H atom with more electronegative O atom in −OH group.