Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134042435
Author: Michael D. Johnson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 4AWK
The kidneys filter a large volume of fluid, putting it on a path to ultimate disposal, and then reabsorb nearly all of it back into the body. Only a few waste products are actively secreted into the tubule. Why are the kidneys set up in this way? Wouldn't it be easier and more energetically efficient to selectively secrete only the waste molecules and the exact right amount of excess water and ions directly into an excretory tube or the bladder?
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Which of the following pathways best describe the structures which urine has to flow through before being excreted out of the body? (Hint: some structures may be omitted, so just make sure the general order is correct)
1-Collecting duct -> bladder -> ureter
2-Collecting duct -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
3-Collecting duct -> urethra -> bladder -> ureter
4-Major calyx -> minor calyx -> renal pelvis -> urethra
If urine/filtrate is hyperosmotic to the interstitial fluid, fluid would go from the interstitial fluid to the urine/filtrate. How does this conserve water? Wouldn’t this NOT conserve water but rather increase the amount of water that is excreted via urine?
The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations.
For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion
Explain how you determined this.
Chapter 15 Solutions
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
Ch. 15 - How do you think we should allocate cadaveric...Ch. 15 - Prob. 2QCCh. 15 - Should the government set up a national registry...Ch. 15 -
1. Describe in general terms the kidneys' role in...Ch. 15 - Prob. 2CRCh. 15 - Prob. 3CRCh. 15 - Prob. 4CRCh. 15 - Prob. 5CRCh. 15 - Prob. 6CRCh. 15 - Indicate the primary stimulus for the secretion of...
Ch. 15 - Describe the function of the hormone aldosterone.Ch. 15 - Prob. 9CRCh. 15 - Prob. 10CRCh. 15 - Prob. 1TYCh. 15 - Three of the choices below are organ systems...Ch. 15 -
3. The________ detoxifies ammonia, producing...Ch. 15 - Prob. 4TYCh. 15 - Prob. 5TYCh. 15 - Prob. 6TYCh. 15 - Protein is generally not found in the urine...Ch. 15 - Prob. 8TYCh. 15 -
9. Which of the following would not be found in...Ch. 15 - Which of the following is most responsible for the...Ch. 15 - In tubular absorption, which of the following...Ch. 15 - Prob. 12TYCh. 15 - Prob. 13TYCh. 15 - Prob. 14TYCh. 15 - All of the following statements about UTIs are...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1AWKCh. 15 - Prob. 2AWKCh. 15 - Prob. 3AWKCh. 15 - The kidneys filter a large volume of fluid,...Ch. 15 - Why aren't children already potty trained–able to...Ch. 15 - A possible complication of a strep throat...
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- As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.arrow_forwardFatty tissue holds the kidneys in place. Extremely rapid weight loss may cause this tissue to shrink so that the kidneys slip from their normal position. On rare occasions, the slippage can put a kink in one or both ureters and block urine flow. Suggest what might then happen to the kidneys.arrow_forwardReabsorption depends on _________. a. osmosis across the nephron wall b. active transport of sodium across the nephron wall c. a steep solute concentration gradient d. all of the abovearrow_forward
- Which of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla? (a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from various regions of Bowmans capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting ductarrow_forwardWhy is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?arrow_forwardNow, consider a molecule of antibiotic that is secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate at the proximal tubule. Trace the pathway this antibiotic molecule would take from the renal artery to the point at which it exits the body of a female in the urine.arrow_forward
- Filtration of substances out of the glomerulus occurs because: Charged molecules cannot cross as easily as uncharged, nonpolar molecules.Wastes cross into the filtrate and nutrients remain in the blood.The difference in size between the afferent and efferent arterioles creates high pressure.There are only channels for certain types of molecules in the glomerular wall.Active transport helps needed nutrients crossarrow_forwardAldosterone affects sodium balance by impacting sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. If MAP and/or GFR falls, how will this system function? Increased levels of aldosterone add epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) to the luminal membrane of the collecting duct. Increased levels of aldosterone remove epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the luminal membrane of the collecting duct. Decreased levels of aldosterone allow increased expression of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the collecting duct. O Decreased levels of aldosterone decrease expression of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) in the collecting duct.arrow_forwardFrom what you have learned at this point about the nephron, it should now be obvious that the glomerular filtrate is not the same as the urine that is eventually formed. It is also important to note that many processes that glomerular filtrate goes through will vary depending on the state of the body and its need to maintain, among others, fluid or electrolyte balance. Make a concept map of the diluting and concentrating mechanisms of the kidneyarrow_forward
- Morphine, taken for severe pain, causes a decrease in the amount of urine produced, regardless of levels of hydration. Which of the following rows identifies the effect of morphine on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and the reabsorption of water by the kidneys? Row Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Secretion Reabsorption of Water stimulates ADH secretion more water is reabsorbed inhibits ADH secretion less water is reabsorbed inhibits ADH secretion more water is reabsorbed stimulates ADH secretion less water is reabsorbedarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT a function of the excretory system? * Filtration of wastes from the blood. Secretion of ADH from the collecting duct. Maintaining pH balance by secretion of H+ ions. Osmoregulation via sweating. Releasing carbon dioxide waste from the lungs.arrow_forwardAcetazolamide is a diuretic that blocks the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This blockage prevents theformation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water. Normally, carbonicacid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3−, and the H+ is exchanged forNa+ from the urine. Blocking the formation of H+ in the tubule cellsblocks Na+ reabsorption, thus inhibiting water reabsorption andproducing the diuretic effect. With this information in mind, what effectdoes acetazolamide have on blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate?arrow_forward
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