1 Chemistry: The Central Science 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry: Ratios Of Combination 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 5 Thermochemistry 6 Quantum Theory And The Electronic Structure Of Atoms 7 Electron Configuration And The Periodic Table 8 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts 9 Chemical Bonding Ii: Molecular Geometry And Bonding Theories 10 Gases 11 Intermolecular Forces And The Physical Properties Of Liquids And Solids 12 Modern Materials 13 Physical Properties Of Solutions 14 Chemical Kinetics 15 Chemical Equilibrium 16 Acids And Bases 17 Acid-base Equilibria And Solubility Equilibria 18 Entropy, Free Energy, And Equilibrium 19 Electrochemistry 20 Nuclear Chemistry 21 Environmental Chemistry 22 Coordination Chemistry 23 Metallurgy And The Chemistry Of Metals 24 Nonmetallic Elements And Their Compounds 25 Organic Chemistry expand_more
15.1 Sample Problem 15.2 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 15.3 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 15.4 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 15.5 Sample Problem And Checkpoint 15.6 Sample Problem 15.7 Sample Problem 15.8 Sample Problem 15.9 Sample Problem 15.10 Sample Problem 15.11 Sample Problem 15.12 Sample Problem 15.13 Sample Problem 15.14 Sample Problem Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1KSP: The K a for hydrocyanic acid ( HCN ) is 4 .9 × 10 -10 . Determine the concentration of H + in a... Problem 2KSP: 15.2
Determine the concentrations of in a saturated solution of (a)
0.0015 and 0.0030 M
(b)
0.0015... Problem 3KSP: 15.3
Determine the for a weak acid if a 0.10-M solution of the acid has
Problem 4KSP Problem 1QP: Define equilibrium. Give two examples of a dynamic equilibrium. Problem 2QP: 15.2 Which of the following statements is correct about a reacting system at equilibrium: (a) the... Problem 3QP: 15.3 Consider the reversible reaction Explain how equilibrium can be reached by starting with only... Problem 4QP: What is the law of mass action? Problem 5QP: Briefly describe the importance of equilibrium in the study of chemical reactions. Problem 6QP: Define reaction quotient. How does it differ from the equilibrium constant? Problem 7QP: Write reaction quotients for the following reactions: (a) 2NO ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ⇄ N 2 O 4 ( g ) ,... Problem 8QP: Write the equation for the reaction that corresponds to each of the following reaction quotients:... Problem 9QP: Consider the reaction: 2NO ( g ) + 2H 2 ( g ) ⇄ N 2 ( g ) + 2H 2 O ( g ) At a certain temperature,... Problem 10QP: The equilibrium constant for the reaction: 2SO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2SO 3 ( g ) is 2.8 × 10 2 at a... Problem 11QP: Consider the following equilibrium process at 700°C : 2H 2 ( g ) + S 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2H 2 S ( g ) Analysis... Problem 12QP: The equilibrium constant for the reaction: 2 H 2 ( g ) + CO( g ) ⇄ CH 3 OH( g ) is 1.6 × 10 − 2 at a... Problem 13QP: The first diagram represents a system at equilibrium where A = and B = How many red spheres must be... Problem 14QP: These two diagrams represent systems at equilibrium where . Indicate which chemical equation(s)... Problem 15QP: Define homogeneous equilibrium and heterogeneous equilibrium. Give two examples of each. Problem 16QP: What do the symbols K c and K p represent? Problem 17QP: Write the expressions for the equilibrium constants K p of the following thermal decomposition... Problem 18QP: Write equilibrium constant expressions for K c , and for K p , if applicable, for the following... Problem 19QP: Write the equilibrium constant expressions for K c and for K p p, if applicable, for the following... Problem 20QP: 15.20 Write the equation relating to , and define all the terms.
Problem 21QP: 15.21 The equilibrium constant () for the reaction:
is at . What is the equilibrium constant for... Problem 22QP: What is K p at 1273°C for the reaction 2CO ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2CO 2 ( g ) if K c is 2 .24 × 10 22... Problem 23QP: 15.23 The equilibrium constant for the reaction:
is at . What is for this reaction?
Problem 24QP: 15.24 Consider the reaction:
If the equilibrium partial pressures of , , and NO are 0.15, 0.33. and... Problem 25QP: 15.25 A reaction vessel contains at equilibrium at a certain temperature. The equilibrium... Problem 26QP: 15.26 The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction:
is Calculate Kc and KP for the equilibrium
at... Problem 27QP: At equilibrium, the pressure of the reacting mixture CaCO 3 ( s ) ⇄ CaO ( s ) + C O 2 ( g ) is 0.105... Problem 28QP: The equilibrium constant K p for the reaction: PCl 5 ( g ) ⇄ PCl 3 ( g ) + C l 2 ( g ) is 1.05 at... Problem 29QP: Ammonium carbamate ( NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 ) decomposes as follows: NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 ( s ) ⇄ 2NH 3 ( g ) + C... Problem 30QP: The following equilibrium constants were determined at 1123 K: C ( s ) + C O 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 CO ( g ) K... Problem 31QP: 15.31 At a certain temperature, the following reactions have the constants shown:
Calculate the... Problem 32QP: 15.32 Pure phosgene gas , was placed in a 1.50-L container. It was heated to 800 K, and at... Problem 33QP: Consider the equilibrium: 2 NOBr( g ) ⇄ 2 NO( g )+Br( g ) If nitrosyl bromide ( NOBr ) is 34 percent... Problem 34QP: The following equilibrium constants have been determined for hydrosulfuric acid at 25°C: H 2 S ( a q... Problem 35QP: 15.35 The following equilibrium constants have been determined for oxalic acid at :
Calculate the... Problem 36QP: 15.36 The equilibrium constant for the reaction at a certain temperature. (1) Starting with only... Problem 37QP: The following diagrams represent the equilibrium state for three different reactions of the type:... Problem 38QP: 15.38 Outline the steps for calculating the concentrations of species in an equilibrium reaction.
Problem 39QP: 15.39 The equilibrium constant K? for the reaction:
is The initial pressures of and in a mixture... Problem 40QP: 15.40 For the synthesis of ammonia:
the equilibrium constant at is 1.2. Starting with , which... Problem 41QP: For the reaction: H 2 ( g ) + CO 2 ( g ) ⇄ H 2 O ( g ) + C O ( g ) at 700 ° C , K c = 0.534 .... Problem 42QP: At 1000 K, a sample of pure NO, gas decomposes: 2NO 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2NO ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) The equilibrium... Problem 43QP: The equilibrium constant K c for the reaction H 2 ( g ) + Br 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 HBr ( g ) is 2.18 × 10 6 at... Problem 44QP: The dissociation of molecular iodine into iodine atoms is represented as: I 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 I ( g ) At... Problem 45QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the decomposition of phosgene ( COCl 2 ) is 4 .63 × 10 -3 at 527ºC:... Problem 46QP: 15.46 Consider the following equilibrium process at
The equilibrium concentrations of the reacting... Problem 47QP: 15.47 Consider the heterogeneous equilibrium process:
At , the total pressure of the system is... Problem 48QP: The equilibrium constant K c for the reaction: H 2 ( g )+CO 2 ( g ) ⇄ H 2 O( g )+CO( g ) is 4.2 at... Problem 49QP: The aqueous reaction: L-glutamate + pyruvate ⇄ α-ketoglutarate + L-alaine is catalyzed by the enzyme... Problem 50QP: 15.50 Explain Le Châtelier’s principle. How does this principle enable us to maximize the yields of... Problem 51QP: Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain why the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid increases... Problem 52QP: 15.52 List four factors that can shift the position of an equilibrium. Only one of these factors can... Problem 53QP: Does the addition of a catalyst have any effects on the position of an equilibrium? Problem 54QP: 15.54 Consider the following equilibrium system involving (sulfuryl dichloride):
Predict how the... Problem 55QP: 15.55 Heating solid sodium bicarbonate in a closed vessel establishes the following... Problem 56QP: 15.56 Consider the following equilibrium systems:
Predict the change in the equilibrium constant ... Problem 57QP: 15.57 What effect does an increase in pressure have on each of the following systems at equilibrium?... Problem 58QP Problem 59QP: Consider the following equilibrium process: PCl 5 ( g ) ⇄ PCl 3 ( g ) + C l 2 ( g ) Δ H ° = 92.5... Problem 60QP: Consider the reaction: 2SO 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 SO 3 ( g ) Δ H ° = − 198.2 kJ/mol Comment on the changes in... Problem 61QP: In the uncatalyzed reaction: N 2 O 4 ( g ) ⇄ 2 NO 2 ( g ) the pressure of the gases at equilibrium... Problem 62QP: 15.62 Consider the gas-phase reaction:
Predict the shift in the equilibrium position when helium... Problem 63QP: Consider the following equilibrium reaction in a closed container: CaCO 3 ( s ) ⇄ CaO ( s ) + CO 2 (... Problem 64QP: 15.64 The following diagrams show the reaction at two different temperatures. Is the forward... Problem 65QP: 15.65 The following diagrams show an equilibrium mixture of (a) Write an equilibrium equation... Problem 66AP: 15.66 Consider the reaction . The first diagram represents a system at equilibrium where and .... Problem 67AP Problem 68AP: Consider the equilibrium system 3A → B . Sketch the changes in the concentrations of A and B over... Problem 69AP: Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) undergoes thermal decomposition as follows: 2NaHC O 3 ( s ) ⇄ N a 2... Problem 70AP: Consider the following reaction at equilibrium: A ( g ) ⇄ 2 B ( g ) From the data shown here,... Problem 71AP Problem 72AP: 15.72 Consider the following reacting system:
What combination of temperature and pressure would... Problem 73AP: 15.73 At a certain temperature and a total pressure of 1.2 atm, the partial pressures of an... Problem 74AP: The decomposition of ammonium hydrogen sulfide: N H 4 HS ( s ) ⇄ N H 3 ( g ) + H 2 S ( g ) is an... Problem 75AP: 15.75 Consider the following reaction at a certain temperature:
The mixing of 1 mole of with 3... Problem 76AP: When heated, ammonium carbamate decomposes as follows: NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 (s) ⇄ 2NH 3 (g)+CO 2 (g) At a... Problem 77AP: A mixture of 0 .47 mole of H2 and 3 .59 moles of HCl is heated to 2800°C . Calculate the equilibrium... Problem 78AP: When heated at high temperatures, iodine vapor dissociates as follows: I 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2 I ( g ) In one... Problem 79AP: 15.79 One mole of and three moles of are placed in a flask at . Calculate the total pressure of... Problem 80AP: At 1130°C , the equilibrium constant ( K c ) for the reaction: 2H 2 S ( g ) ⇄ 2H 2 ( g ) + S 2 ( g )... Problem 81AP: For the purpose of determining K p using Equation 15.4, what is Δπ for the following equation? C 3 H... Problem 82AP: The following diagram represents a gas-phase equilibrium mixture for the reaction AB ⇄ A+ B at a... Problem 83AP: 15.83 Consider the following reaction at
When 1.05 moles of are put in a 0.980-L flask. 1.20... Problem 84AP: 15.84 A quantity of 0.20 mole of carbon dioxide was heated to a certain temperature with an excess... Problem 85AP: 15.85 When dissolved in water, glucose (com sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) exist in equilibrium... Problem 86AP: 15 86 At room temperature, solid iodine is in equilibrium with its vapor through sublimation and... Problem 87AP: 15.87 A student placed a few ice cubes in a drinking glass with water. A few minutes later she... Problem 88AP: 15.88 A mixture containing 3.9 moles of and 0.88 mole of was allowed to react in a flask at a... Problem 89AP: 15.89 The equilibrium constant for the reaction:
is 54.3 at . At the start of the reaction, there... Problem 90AP: When heated, a gaseous compound A dissociates as follows: A ( g ) ⇄ B ( g ) + C ( g ) In an... Problem 91AP: 15.91 When a gas was heated under atmospheric conditions, its color deepened. Heating above caused... Problem 92AP: The first diagram represents a system at equilibrium where The balanced chemical equation for the... Problem 93AP: A sealed glass bulb contains a mixture of NO 2 and N 2 O 4 gases. Describe what happens to the... Problem 94AP: At 20°C , the vapor pressure of water is 0.0231 atm. Calculate K P and K C for the process: H 2 O (... Problem 95AP: A 2.50-mol sample of NOCl was initially in a 1.50-L reaction chamber at 400°C . After equilibrium... Problem 96AP: 15.96 About 75 percent of hydrogen for industrial use is produced by the steam-reforming process.... Problem 97AP: Water is a very weak electrolyte that undergoes the following ionization (called autoionization): H... Problem 98AP: 15.98 Consider the following reaction, which takes place in a single elementary step:
If the... Problem 99AP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction: 2NH 3 ( g ) ⇄ N2( g )+3H 2 ( g ) is 0.83 at 375°C . A... Problem 100AP: At 25°C, a mixture of NO 2 and N 2 O 4 gases are in equilibrium in a cylinder fitted with a movable... Problem 101AP: 15.101 Consider the reaction between and in a closed container:
Initially, 1 mol of is present.... Problem 102AP: In 1899 the German chemist Ludwig Mond developed a process for purifying nickel by converting it to... Problem 103AP: For which of the following reactions is K c equal to K p ? For which can we not write a K p... Problem 104AP: The equilibrium constant K p for the following reaction is 4 .31 × 10 -4 at 375°C: N 2 (g)+3H 2 ( g... Problem 105AP: At 1024°C, , the pressure of oxygen gas from the decomposition of copper(II) oxide (CuO) is 0.49... Problem 106AP: 15.06 The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 1.2 at :
(a) What is the value of ... Problem 107AP: 15.107 Industrially, sodium metal is obtained by electrolyzing molten sodium chloride. The reaction... Problem 108AP: Consider the equilibrium reaction described in Problem 15.30. A quantity of 2.50 g of PCl 5 . is... Problem 109AP: The K p for the reaction: SO 2 Cl 2 ( g ) ⇄ SO 2 ( g ) + C l 2 ( g ) is 2.05 at 648 K. A sample of... Problem 110AP: The "boat" form and the “chair" form of cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) interconvert as shown here: In this... Problem 111AP: A quantity of 6.75 g of SO 2 Cl 2 was placed in a 2.00-L flask. At 648 K, there is 0.0345 mol of SO... Problem 112AP: 15.112 Industrial production of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases is done using the Haber... Problem 113AP: 15.113 The equilibrium constant for the formation of the air pollutant nitric oxide (NO) in an... Problem 114AP: Consider the reaction: 2NO( g )+ O 2 ( g ) ⇄ 2N O 2 ( g ) At 430 ° C , an equilibrium mixture... Problem 115AP: The formation of SO 3 from SO 2 and O 2 is an intermediate step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid,... Problem 116AP: At 25°C , the equilibrium partial pressures of N O 2 and N 2 O 4 are 0.15 atm and 0.20 atm.... Problem 117AP: 15.117 The vapor pressure of mercury is 0.0020 mmHg at . (a) Calculate and for the process . (b) A... Problem 118AP: 15.118 Both ' and are important biological ions. One of their functions is to bind to the phosphate... Problem 119AP: Photosynthesis can be represented by: 6C O 2 ( g )+6 H 2 O( l ) ⇄ C 6 H 12 O 6 ( s )+6 O 2 ( g ) Δ H... Problem 120AP: Consider the decomposition of ammonium chloride at a certain temperature: NH 4 CI( s ) ⇄ NH 3 ( g... Problem 121AP: 15.121 Eggshells are composed mostly of calcium carbonate formed by the reaction:
The carbonate... Problem 122AP: In the gas phase, nitrogen dioxide is actually a mixture of nitrogen dioxide (N O 2 ) and dinitrogen... Problem 123AP: Consider the potential-energy diagrams for two types of reactions A → B . In each case, answer the... Problem 124AP: Iodine is sparingly soluble in water but much more so in carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ) . The... Problem 125AP: The dependence of the equilibrium constant of a reaction on temperature is given by the van't Hoff... Problem 1SEPP: Lime ( CaO ) is used to prevent SO 2 from escaping from the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants... Problem 2SEPP: Lime is used to prevent from escaping from the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants via the... Problem 3SEPP: Lime ( CaO ) is used to prevent SO 2 from escaping from the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants... Problem 4SEPP: Lime ( CaO ) is used to prevent SO 2 from escaping from the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants... format_list_bulleted