Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 14, Problem 2PDQ
CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list on p. 312. These all relate to the translation of genetic information stored in mRNA into proteins and how chemical information in proteins imparts function to those molecules. Write a short essay that discusses the role of ribosomes in the process of translation as it relates to these concepts.
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Prokaryotic mRNAs have a RBS (Ribosomal binding site). How they use RBS for translational machinery? What are the properties of RBS? Draw a simple scheme for RBS and mRNA interaction site.
In eukaryotic cells, secreted proteins are initially directed to the endoplasmic reticulum and then via the Golgi, where they are released into the extracellular environment through secretory vesicles. A more easier way would be for secretory protein-producing ribosomes to be localised to a translocon in the plasma membrane, with the protein being secreted directly during translation.
Consider three possible benefits of the more roundabout method for protein secretion versus the simpler, more straightforward approach indicated.
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Name
Class
Date
Section Protein Synthesis
pages 148-153)
7-3
SECTION REVIEW
In this section you studied the process of pro-
tein synthesis. You learned that the informa-
tion that DNA transfers to messenger RNA
(MRNA) is in the form of a code. When the
information is decoded, chains of amino acids,
called polypeptides, are formed. Polypeptides During translation, each MRNA codon in turn
make up proteins, which direct biochemical
pathways and are responsible for cell structure
and movement.
The genetic code is determined by the
arrangement of the nitrogenous bases in DNA
and RNA. A code word in DNA consists of a
group of three nucleotides. When transcribed
into MRNA, each code word, or codon, desig-
nates a specific amino acid that is to be placed
in the polypeptide chain. More than one codon
may code for a particular amíno acid. The
MANA sequence AUG serves as an initiator,
or "start," codon. Three other…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 14 - Prob. 1NSTCh. 14 - A series of mutations in the bacterium Salmonella...Ch. 14 - HbS results from the substitution of valine for...Ch. 14 - Given that a faulty ribosomal protein is the...Ch. 14 - A couple with a child affected with DBA undergoes...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3CSCh. 14 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on the...Ch. 14 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 14 - Contrast the roles of tRNA and mRNA during...Ch. 14 - Francis Crick proposed the adaptor hypothesis for...
Ch. 14 - During translation, what molecule bears the codon?...Ch. 14 - The chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin is composed of...Ch. 14 - Assuming that each nucleotide in an mRNA is 0.34...Ch. 14 - Summarize the steps involved in charging tRNAs...Ch. 14 - To carry out its role, each transfer RNA requires...Ch. 14 - What are isoaccepting tRNAs? Assuming that there...Ch. 14 - When a codon in an mRNA with the sequence 5-UAA-3...Ch. 14 - Discuss the potential difficulties of designing a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 14 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 14 - The synthesis of flower pigments is known to be...Ch. 14 - The study of biochemical mutants in organisms such...Ch. 14 - Explain why the one-gene: one-enzyme concept is...Ch. 14 - Why is an alteration of electrophoretic mobility...Ch. 14 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 14 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 14 - Prob. 21PDQCh. 14 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 14 - Several amino acid substitutions in the and ...Ch. 14 - Define and compare the four levels of protein...Ch. 14 - What are the two common types of protein secondary...Ch. 14 - How do covalent disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds...Ch. 14 - Prob. 27PDQCh. 14 - List three different types of posttranslational...Ch. 14 - Prob. 29PDQCh. 14 - How does an enzyme function? Why are enzymes...Ch. 14 - Prob. 31PDQCh. 14 - Three independently assorting genes (A, B, and C)...Ch. 14 - How would the results vary in cross (a) of Problem...Ch. 14 - Deep in a previously unexplored South American...Ch. 14 - Many antibiotics are effective as drugs to fight...Ch. 14 - The flow of genetic information from DNA to...Ch. 14 - Prob. 37ESP
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 The consequences of errors in transcription areless severe than those of errors in DNA replication.2 Since introns are largely genetic “junk,” they do nothave to be removed precisely from the primary transcriptduring RNA splicing.3 Wobble pairing occurs between the first positionin the codon and the third position in the anticodon.4 During protein synthesis, the thermodynamics ofbase-pairing between tRNAs and mRNAs sets the upperlimit for the accuracy with which protein molecules aremade.5 Protein enzymes are thought to greatly outnum-ber ribozymes in modern cells because they can catalyzea much greater variety of reactions and all of them havefaster rates than any ribozyme.arrow_forwardThe eukaryotic cell is different from the prokaryotic cell. Outline the structural difference between these two types of cell and suggest two reasons why eukaryotic mRNA needs to be modified before translation.arrow_forwarda. Describe the different stages that occur during the translationprocess of Protein Synthesis.(b) using four examples of antibiotic inhibitors of translation, outlinehow inhibition occurs.arrow_forward
- EF-G is a macromolecular mimic of EF-tu. It's role in translation is to To cause the large subunit of the ribosome to disassociate with the small subunit of the ribosome Bind to the vacant A-site subsequent to peptide bond formation and resolve the hybrid state of the ribosome To recruit the signal recognition particle (SRP) to the ribosome and to facilitate synthesis of membrane proteins O To cause the large subunit to associate with the small subunit of the ribosome Shuttle an amino-acylated tRNA to the A site to initiate the peptidyl transfer reactionarrow_forwardAs we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and function. Along the way, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this informationwas acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter,what answers would you propose to the following fundamentalquestion What experimental information verifies that certain codonsin mRNA specify chain termination during translation?arrow_forwarda- Name the figure which shows the Co-translational translocation. A or B b -list the molecules which are required for Co-translational translocation. c- Suppose you want to impair the co-translational translocation of Star protein to ER. Which strategy you choose to prevent the translocation of the Star protein to ER and maintain it in the cytoplasm. Limit your answer to two sentences. asap please.arrow_forward
- Describe the prokaryotic translation initiation shown in the diagram. Define the convention of protein synthesis (directionality of synthesis) as well as the meaning of the A, P, and E sites of the ribosome.arrow_forward8.4 Post translational modification The following diagram shows three different types of post translational modification that can occur in proteins. Proteolysis: Phosphorylation: Glycosylation: Cleaving of polypeptide chains The addition of phosphate groups to proteins The addition of sugar groups Label the diagram to demonstrate what type of post-translational modification has taken place to the protein chain. Translation Posttranslational processing eor What organelle is responsible for post translational modification?arrow_forwarda) What is genetic code and What are the properties of genetic codeb) Explain the role of translation elongation factors of E.coli.arrow_forward
- What are translation elongation factors (EFs)?arrow_forwardExplain the significance of the following statement: The functioning of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is referred to as the second genetic code.arrow_forwardThe following RNA sequence represents a small messenger which can be translated in a prokaryotic cell: 5'-ACGAAUGCACAGUAAAACUGGCUAGCGUAGGCUGA-3 Assume that the messenger RNA is translated in the cell, using the correct machinery and signals required for accurate protein synthesis. Using this RNA sequence and the Genetic Code Dictionary (see your textbook for the dictionary), solve the following problems A. Write the sequence of a protein that would be translated from this mRNA, using the appropriate stop and start signals, and indicating the correct termini of the protein product. B. Suppose that the underlined A in the sequence is changed to a U. Write the expected protein product of this mRNA.arrow_forward
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