Problem 14.1QP: Define equilibrium. Give two examples of a dynamic equilibrium. Problem 14.2QP: Explain the difference between physical equilibrium and chemical equilibrium. Give two examples of... Problem 14.3QP: What is the law of mass action? Problem 14.4QP: Briefly describe the importance of equilibrium in the study of chemical reactions. Problem 14.5QP: Define homogeneous equilibrium and heterogeneous equilibrium. Give two examples of each. Problem 14.6QP Problem 14.7QP: Write the expressions for the equilibrium constants KP of the following thermal decomposition... Problem 14.8QP: Write equilibrium constant expressions for Kc, and for KP, if applicable, for the following... Problem 14.9QP: Write the equilibrium constant expressions for Kc and KP, if applicable, for the following... Problem 14.10QP: Write the equation relating Kc to KP, and define all the terms. Problem 14.11QP: What is the rule for writing the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction involving two or more... Problem 14.12QP: Give an example of a multiple equilibria reaction. Problem 14.13QP: Problems 14.13The equilibrium constant for the reaction AB is Kc = 10 at a certain temperature. (1)... Problem 14.14QP: The following diagrams represent the equilibrium state for three different reactions of the type... Problem 14.15QP: The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction 2HCl(g)H2(g)+Cl2(g) is 4.17 1034 at 25C. What is the... Problem 14.16QP: Consider the following equilibrium process at 700C: 2H2(g)+S2(g)2H2S(g) Analysis shows that there... Problem 14.17QP: What is KP at 1273C for the reaction 2CO(g)+O2(g)2CO2(g) if Kc is 2.24 1022 at the same... Problem 14.18QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction 2SO3(g)2SO2(g)+O2(g) is 1.8 105 at 350C. What is Kc... Problem 14.19QP: Consider the following reaction: N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) If the equilibrium partial pressures of N2, O2,... Problem 14.20QP: A reaction vessel contains NH3, N2, and H2 at equilibrium at a certain temperature. The equilibrium... Problem 14.21QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction I2(g)2I(g) is 3.8 105 at 727C. Calculate Kc and KP for... Problem 14.22QP: At equilibrium, the pressure of the reacting mixture CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) is 0.105 atm at 350C.... Problem 14.23QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) is 1.05 at 250C. The reaction... Problem 14.24QP: Ammonium carbamate, NH4CO2NH2, decomposes as follows: NH4CO2NH2(s)2NH3(g)+CO2(g) Starting with only... Problem 14.25QP: Consider the following reaction at 1600C. Br2(g)2Br(g) When 1.05 moles of Br2 are put in a 0.980-L... Problem 14.26QP: Pure phosgene gas (COCl2), 3.00 102 mol, was placed in a 1.50-L container. It was heated to 800 K,... Problem 14.27QP: Consider the equilibrium 2NOBr(g)2NO(g)+Br2(g) If nitrosyl bromide, NOBr, is 34 percent dissociated... Problem 14.28QP: A 2.50-mole quantity of NOCl was initially in a 1.50-L reaction chamber at 400C. After equilibrium... Problem 14.29QP: The following equilibrium constants have been determined for hydrosulfuric acid at 25C:... Problem 14.30QP: The following equilibrium constants have been determined for oxalic acid at 25C:... Problem 14.31QP: The following equilibrium constants were determined at 1123 K:... Problem 14.32QP: At a certain temperature the following reactions have the constants shown:... Problem 14.33QP: Based on rate constant considerations, explain why the equilibrium constant depends on temperature. Problem 14.34QP: Explain why reactions with large equilibrium constants, such as the formation of rust (Fe2O3), may... Problem 14.35QP: Water is a very weak electrolyte that undergoes the following ionization (called autoionization):... Problem 14.36QP: Consider the following reaction, which takes place in a single elementary step: 2A+Bk1k1A2B If the... Problem 14.37QP: Define reaction quotient. How does it differ from equilibrium constant? Problem 14.38QP Problem 14.39QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) is 5.60 104 at 350C. The initial... Problem 14.40QP: For the synthesis of ammonia N2(g)+2H2(g)2NH3(g) the equilibrium constant Kc at 375C is 1.2.... Problem 14.41QP: For the reaction H2(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(g) at 700C, Kc = 0.534. Calculate the number of moles of H2... Problem 14.42QP: At 1000 K, a sample of pure NO2 gas decomposes: 2NO2(g)2NO(g)+O2(g) The equilibrium constant KP is... Problem 14.43QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) is 2.18 106 at 730C. Starting with... Problem 14.44QP: The dissociation of molecular iodine into iodine atoms is represented as I2(g)2I(g) At 1000 K, the... Problem 14.45QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the decomposition of phosgene, COCl2, is 4.63 103 at 527C:... Problem 14.46QP: Consider the following equilibrium process at 686C: CO2(g)+H2(g)CO(g)+H2O(g) The equilibrium... Problem 14.47QP: Consider the heterogeneous equilibrium process: C(s)+CO2(g)2CO(g) At 700C, the total pressure of the... Problem 14.48QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction H2(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(g) is 4.2 at 1650C. Initially... Problem 14.49QP: Explain Le Chteliers principle. How can this principle help us maximize the yields of reactions? Problem 14.50QP: Use Le Chteliers principle to explain why the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid increases with... Problem 14.51QP: List four factors that can shift the position of an equilibrium. Only one of these factors can alter... Problem 14.52QP: Does the addition of a catalyst have any effects on the position of an equilibrium? Problem 14.53QP: Consider the following equilibrium system involving SO2, Cl2, and SO2Cl2 (sulfuryl dichloride):... Problem 14.54QP: Heating solid sodium bicarbonate in a closed vessel establishes the following equilibrium:... Problem 14.55QP: Consider the following equilibrium systems: (a) A2BH=20.0kJ/mol (b) A+BCH=5.4kJ/mol (c)... Problem 14.57QP: Consider the equilibrium 2I(g)2I2(g) What would be the effect on the position of equilibrium of (a)... Problem 14.58QP: Consider the following equilibrium process: PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)H=92.5kJ/mol Predict the direction... Problem 14.59QP: Consider the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)H=198.2kJ/mol Comment on the changes in the concentrations... Problem 14.60QP: In the uncatalyzed reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g) the pressure of the gases at equilibrium are PN2O4=0.377... Problem 14.61QP: Consider the gas-phase reaction 2CO(g)+O2(g)2CO2(g) Predict the shift in the equilibrium position... Problem 14.63QP: Consider the statement: The equilibrium constant of a reacting mixture of solid NH4Cl and gaseous... Problem 14.64QP: Pure nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) gas was heated to 240C in a 1.00-L container. At equilibrium the total... Problem 14.65QP: Determine the initial and equilibrium concentrations of HI if the initial concentrations of H2 and... Problem 14.66QP: Diagram (a) shows the reaction A2(g)+B2(g)2AB(g) at equilibrium at a certain temperature, where the... Problem 14.67QP: The equilibrium constant (KP) for the formation of the air pollutant nitric oxide (NO) in an... Problem 14.68QP: Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) undergoes thermal decomposition as follows:... Problem 14.69QP: Consider the following reaction at equilibrium: A(g)2B(g) From the data shown here, calculate the... Problem 14.70QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction 2H2O(g)2H2(g)+O2(g) is 2 1042 at 25C. (a) What is Kc... Problem 14.71QP: Consider the following reacting system: 2NO(g)+Cl2(g)2NOCl(g) What combination of temperature and... Problem 14.72QP: At a certain temperature and a total pressure of 1.2 atm, the partial pressures of an equilibrium... Problem 14.74QP: Consider the reaction 2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g) At 430C, an equilibrium mixture consists of 0.020 mole of... Problem 14.75QP: When heated, ammonium carbamate decomposes as follows: NH4CO2NH2(s)2NH3(g)+CO2(g) At a certain... Problem 14.76QP: A mixture of 0.47 mole of H2 and 3.59 moles of HCl is heated to 2800C. Calculate the equilibrium... Problem 14.77QP: When heated at high temperatures, iodine vapor dissociates as follows: I2(g)2I(g) In one experiment,... Problem 14.78QP: One mole of N2 and three moles of H2 are placed in a flask at 375C. Calculate the total pressure of... Problem 14.79QP Problem 14.80QP: A quantity of 6.75 g of SO2Cl2 was placed in a 2.00-L flask. At 648 K, there is 0.0345 mole of SO2... Problem 14.81QP Problem 14.82QP Problem 14.83QP: Eggshells are composed mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed by the reaction... Problem 14.84QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the following reaction is 4.31 104 at 375C: N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) In... Problem 14.86QP: When dissolved in water, glucose (corn sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar) exist in equilibrium as... Problem 14.87QP: At room temperature, solid iodine is in equilibrium with its vapor through sublimation and... Problem 14.89QP Problem 14.90QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g) is 54.3 at 430C. At the start of the... Problem 14.91QP: When heated, a gaseous compound A dissociates as follows: A(g)B(g)+C(g) In an experiment, A was... Problem 14.92QP: When a gas was heated under atmospheric conditions, its color deepened. Heating above 150C caused... Problem 14.93QP Problem 14.96QP: At 20C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.0231 atm. Calculate KP and Kc for the process H2O(l)H2O(g) Problem 14.97QP: Industrially, sodium metal is obtained by electrolyzing molten sodium chloride. The reaction at the... Problem 14.98QP: In the gas phase, nitrogen dioxide is actually a mixture of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen... Problem 14.99QP Problem 14.100QP: The equilibrium constant for the reaction 4X+Y3Z is 33.3 at a certain temperature. Which diagram... Problem 14.101QP: About 75 percent of hydrogen for industrial use is produced by the steam-reforming process. This... Problem 14.102QP Problem 14.103QP: Consider the decomposition of ammonium chloride at a certain temperature: NH4Cl(s)NH3(g)+HCl(g)... Problem 14.104QP: At 25C, the equilibrium partial pressures of NO2 and N2O4 are 0.15 atm and 0.20 atm, respectively.... Problem 14.105QP Problem 14.107QP Problem 14.108QP Problem 14.109QP: At 25C, a mixture of NO2 and N2O4 gases are in equilibrium in a cylinder fitted with a movable... Problem 14.110QP: A student placed a few ice cubes in a drinking glass with water. A few minutes later she noticed... Problem 14.111QP: Consider the potential energy diagrams for two types of reactions AB. In each case, answer the... Problem 14.112QP: The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction 2NH3(g)N2(g)+3H2(g) is 0.83 at 375C. A 14.6-g sample of... Problem 14.113QP Problem 14.114QP: The equilibrium constant (KP) for the reaction C(s)+CO2(g)2CO(g) is 1.9 at 727C. What total pressure... Problem 14.115QP: The forward and reverse rate constants for the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g) are 3.6103/Ms and 8.7 104 s1,... Problem 14.117QP: Consider the reaction between NO2 and N2O4 in a closed container: N2O4(g)2NO2(g) Initially, 1 mole... Problem 14.118QP Problem 14.119QP: (a) Use the vant Hoff equation in Problem 14.118 to derive the following expression, which relates... Problem 14.120QP: The KP for the reaction SO2Cl2(g)SO2(g)+Cl2(g) is 2.05 at 648 K. A sample of SO2Cl2 is placed in a... Problem 14.121QP Problem 14.124QP: Consider the following equilibrium system: N2O4(g)2NO2(g)H=58.0kJ/mol (a) If the volume of the... Problem 14.125QP Problem 14.126QP: Estimate the vapor pressure of water at 60C (see Problem 14.119). format_list_bulleted