Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13.9, Problem 1CR
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Metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding of the microbial world by allowing the study of organisms that had been impossible to
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Homologous
Monophyletic
Metagenomics
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and that has a different function (this occurs through gene duplication)
: the study of genetic material from an environmental sample
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: a group of organisms in a phylogeny that have a common ancestor
: a gene that is related in different species by being inherited from a common ancestor
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and that has the same function
: a gene that is related in different species by being inherited from a common ancestor
: a gene that…
In DNA-DNA Hybridization, sequences from two separate organisms that show partial hybridization suggest _______.
a) They are related
b) suggest they are not related
c)suggest that they are the same organism
Why is the 16S rRNA gene sequence used in identifying bacteria species?
Chapter 13 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 13.1 - What characteristics would have made the surface...Ch. 13.1 - How do we know when oceans were first present on...Ch. 13.1 - What lines of reasoning support the hypothesis...Ch. 13.1 - What is LUCA, and what is a plausible explanation...Ch. 13.2 - Why is the origin of cyanobacteria considered a...Ch. 13.2 - What caused the development of banded iron...Ch. 13.2 - What lines of evidence indicate that microbial...Ch. 13.2 - Why was the origin of cyanobacteria of such...Ch. 13.3 - What kinds of evidence support the three-domain...Ch. 13.3 - What is LUCA and what are some of its...
Ch. 13.3 - Which of the three domains is the least ancient?Ch. 13.3 - What evidence supports the classification of life...Ch. 13.4 - What evidence supports the idea that the...Ch. 13.4 - In what ways are modern eukaryotes a combination...Ch. 13.4 - Describe the different hypotheses for the...Ch. 13.4 - What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the...Ch. 13.5 - What are the different processes that give rise to...Ch. 13.5 - What is the difference between selection and...Ch. 13.5 - In the experiment of Figure 13.12, why did the...Ch. 13.5 - What is fitness? To what degree does fitness...Ch. 13.6 - What is the difference between the core and pan...Ch. 13.6 - What kind of recombination might have the greatest...Ch. 13.6 - What effects do deletions have on the evolution of...Ch. 13.6 - What are some processes that influence the content...Ch. 13.7 - How are DNA sequences obtained for phylogenetic...Ch. 13.7 - What does a phylogenetic tree depict?Ch. 13.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.7 - What is the difference between a gene tree and an...Ch. 13.8 - What is the difference between taxonomy and...Ch. 13.8 - What are some key criteria from the phylogenetic...Ch. 13.8 - How many species of Bacteria and Archaea have been...Ch. 13.8 - What is the "species problem" and why is the...Ch. 13.9 - What class of genes is used in MLST analyses?Ch. 13.9 - How is ribotyping different from rep-PCR?Ch. 13.9 - What is FAME analysis?Ch. 13.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 13.10 - What roles do culture collections play in...Ch. 13.10 - What is the IJSEM and what taxonomic function does...Ch. 13.10 - Why might viable cell cultures be of more use in...Ch. 13.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 13 - Compare and contrast the physical and chemical...Ch. 13 - For the following sequences, construct the...Ch. 13 - Imagine that you have been given several bacterial...Ch. 13 - Imagine that you have discovered a new form of...
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- Explain why the 16S rRNA gene sequence can reveal useful information about bacterial taxonomy that can be used to aid the rapid identification and genotyping of bacterial pathogens.arrow_forwardImagine that there is an E. coli outbreak in your area, and you would like to test the kangkong from your local grocery store. How could you modify this protocol to extract DNA from the kangkong (to identify the species) and check for presence or absence of E. coli.? Keep in mind that (i) E. coli is free-living and not an endosymbiont, and (ii) plant cells are encased in both a cell membrane and cell wall.arrow_forwardThe genome of D. melanogaster consists of approximately 1.7 * 108 base pairs. DNA synthesis occurs at a rate of 30 base pairs per second. In the early embryo, the entire genome is replicated in five minutes. How many bidirectional origins of synthesis are required to accomplish this feat?arrow_forward
- What are the two advantages of using sequence analysis of ribosomal components in determining the relatedness of organisms? please explain why each is an advantage.arrow_forwardYou have been tasked with designing a new computer algorithm to identify protein-coding genes in bacterial genomes.a) Name 3 specific criteria/patterns you will use to define whether a given sequence could contain a full-length protein-coding gene, and briefly justify your choices.b) Do you think your algorithm will work well to detect proteins encoded by the archaean Sulfolobus acidocaldarius? Why or why not?c) Do you think your algorithm will work well to detect proteins encoded in the eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae? Why or why not?arrow_forwardThree organisms have part of a gene for a digestive enzyme sequenced, and homologous parts of those sequences are shown below. One organism is a fungus and the other two are green algae. Organism Sequence 1 AGATTCGATTCGCTTTAAA 2 ACAGTCGAT_CGGCATAAA 3 AGAT_CGATTCGGTTTAAA Question:Which of these organisms are is the fungus and which are the two green algaearrow_forward
- If Microbe A and Microbe B have whole genome similarity of 68%, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization, they should be considered the same species.arrow_forwardcreate a concept map illustrating the relationships among these key terms: 1. Foreign DNA; 2. Restriction endonuclease; 3. Ligase; 4. Plasmid; 5. Origin of replication; 6. Recombinant Plasmid;7. Multiple cloning sites.arrow_forwardWrite a result paragraph of the isolation and purification of bacteriophage with E. coli Top10 with the following results: At 10^-1 to 10^-3 no plaques were formed. At 10^-4 too numerous plaques were formed. At 10^-5, 10^-6 and 10^-7 countable plates of 22, 7 and 1 respectively. At 10^-8 and 10^-9 no plaques formed but present of host bacteria.arrow_forward
- In order to construct a genome library, which statement most accurately describes the correct order of steps in the process? Fragment chromosomal DNA, digest plasmid vector, ligate genomic DNA and digested plasmid vector, transform ligation into bacteria, select for plasmid marker Fragment chromosomal DNA and plasmid vector, ligate genomic DNA and plasmid vector, transform ligation into bacteria, select for gene marker Fragment chromosomal DNA and plasmid vector, ligate genomic DNA and plasmid vector, transform ligation into bacteria, select for plasmid marker Fragment chromosomal DNA, ligate genomic DNA and plasmid vector, transform ligation into bacteria, select for plasmid markerarrow_forwardb ) Describe the contribution of Griffith , Avery et al . , Hershey & Chase , and Watson and Crick in the field of genetics . You are characterizing a newly discovered organism . You have noticed that the organism grows on two carbon sources - sucrose and mannitol . Whenever you add both sugars to the medium , sucrose will be completely metabolized before mannitol . a ) What is this growth pattern called ? b ) Describe a possible growth curve of sequential metabolism of the sugars . arrow_forward1. What is a plasmid? A) An organelle found in plants that conducts photosynthesis. B) Circular extrachromosomal DNA. C) An essential part of the bacterial chromosome. 2. What is the role of the NaOH in plasmid isolation? A) It increases the pH. B) It denatures the DNA. C) Both of the above. 3. In which direction will the DNA migrate in an agarose gel? A) To the positive pole. B) To the negative pole. C) That depends on the sequence of the DNA. 4. What is the function of SDS? A) It denatures proteins. B) It disintegrates the cell membrane. C) Both of the above. 5. To which species group does E. coli belong to? A) Bacteria, B) Fungi. C) Archaea.arrow_forward
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