(a)
Interpretation:
The apparatus that can be used to shift the equilibrium of the azeotrope formation towards the product side should be discussed.
Concept introduction:
Distillation is a liquid-gas separation technique for two or more liquids on the basis of their difference in boiling temperature or vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is pressure exerted by vapor phase of liquid produced due to an increase in the molecular kinetic energy of the liquid phase or due to the increase in temperature.
The temperature at which atmospheric pressure exerted on liquid equals to its vapor pressure is known to be its boiling point. Vapor pressure of the component decides boiling point of any mixture. Impurities in the mixture might result in an increase or decrease of observed boiling temperature.
Azeotropes are mixtures that deviate from ideality because of interactions between the compounds through intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and therefore boil at constant boiling points. Solution of water and ethanol is an example of azeotropes.
(b)
Interpretation:
The method to separate
Concept introduction:
Distillation is a liquid-gas separation technique for two or more liquids on the basis of their difference in boiling temperature or vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is pressure exerted by vapor phase of liquid produced due to an increase in the molecular kinetic energy of the liquid phase or due to the increase in temperature.
The temperature at which atmospheric pressure exerted on liquid equals to its vapor pressure is known to be its boiling point. Vapor pressure of the component decides boiling point of any mixture. Impurities in the mixture might result in an increase or decrease of observed boiling temperature.
Azeotropes are mixtures that deviate from ideality because of interactions between the compounds through intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and therefore boil at constant boiling points. Solution of water and ethanol is an example of azeotropes.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry
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