Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399425
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the forma…
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Chapter 12, Problem 32QAP

Explain how the atoms in covalent molecules achieve electron configurations similar to those of the noble gases. How does this differ from the situation in ionic compounds?

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Chapter 12 Solutions

Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

Ch. 12.2 - use differences in electronegativity to account...Ch. 12.2 - trong>Exercise 12.1 For each of the following...Ch. 12.5 - ns have different radii than their parent atoms....Ch. 12.6 - trong>Exercise 12.2 Write the Lewis structure for...Ch. 12.7 - trong>Exercise 12.3 Ozone is a very important...Ch. 12.7 - trong>Exercise 12.4 Write the Lewis structures...Ch. 12.9 - u have seen that molecules with four electron...Ch. 12.9 - Prob. 12.5SCCh. 12 - sing only the periodic table, predict the most...Ch. 12 - rite the proper charges so that an alkali metal, a...
Ch. 12 - hat is meant by a chemical bond?Ch. 12 - hy do atoms form bonds with one another? What can...Ch. 12 - ow does a bond between Naand Cldiffer from a bond...Ch. 12 - n your own words, what is meant by the term...Ch. 12 - xplain the difference between ionic bonding and...Ch. 12 - rue or false? In general, a larger atom has a...Ch. 12 - hy is there an octet rule (and what does actet...Ch. 12 - Does a Lewis structure tell which electrons came...Ch. 12 - If lithium and fluorine react, which has more...Ch. 12 - In a bond between fluorine and iodine, which has...Ch. 12 - We use differences in electronegative to account...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14ALQCh. 12 - Why do we only the consider the valence electrons...Ch. 12 - How do we determine the total number of valence...Ch. 12 - What is the main idea in the valence shell...Ch. 12 - The molecules NH3andBF3have the same general...Ch. 12 - How do we deal with multiple bonds in VSEPR...Ch. 12 - In Section 12.10 of your text, the term “effective...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21ALQCh. 12 - Prob. 22ALQCh. 12 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 12 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 12 - hat sorts of elements react to form ionic...Ch. 12 - n general terms, what is a covalent bond?Ch. 12 - escribe the type of bonding that exists in the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6QAPCh. 12 - he relative ability of an atom in a molecule to...Ch. 12 - hat does it mean to say that a bond is polar? Give...Ch. 12 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 12 - What factor determines the relative level of...Ch. 12 - In each of the following groups, which element is...Ch. 12 - In each of the following groups. which element is...Ch. 12 - On the basis. of the electronegativity values...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - Which of the following molecules contain polar...Ch. 12 - Which of the following molecules contain polar...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - Which brand in each of the following pairs has the...Ch. 12 - Which hand in each of the following pairs has less...Ch. 12 - What is a dipole moment? Give four examples of...Ch. 12 - Why is the presence of a dipole moment in the...Ch. 12 - In each of the following diatomic molecules, which...Ch. 12 - In each of the following diatomic molecules. which...Ch. 12 - For each of the following bonds, draw a figure...Ch. 12 - For each of the following bonds, draw a figure...Ch. 12 - For each of the following bonds, draw a figure...Ch. 12 - For each of the following bonds, draw a figure...Ch. 12 - What does it mean when we say that in forming...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30QAPCh. 12 - Nonmetals form negative ions by (losing/gaining)...Ch. 12 - Explain how the atoms in covalent molecules...Ch. 12 - Which simple ion would each of the following...Ch. 12 - Which simple ion would each of the following...Ch. 12 - For each of the following numbers of electrons,...Ch. 12 - What is the expected ground—state electron...Ch. 12 - On the basis of their electron configurations,...Ch. 12 - On the basis of their electron configurations,...Ch. 12 - Name the noble gas atom that has the same electron...Ch. 12 - Atoms form ions so as to achieve electron...Ch. 12 - Prob. 41QAPCh. 12 - Describe in general terms the structure of ionic...Ch. 12 - Why are cations always smaller than the atoms from...Ch. 12 - Why are anions always larger than the atoms from...Ch. 12 - For each of the following pairs, indicate which...Ch. 12 - Prob. 46QAPCh. 12 - Prob. 47QAPCh. 12 - For each of the following pairs, indicate which is...Ch. 12 - Why are the valence electrons of an atom the only...Ch. 12 - Explain what the “duet" and “octet” rules are and...Ch. 12 - What type of structure must each atom in a...Ch. 12 - When elements in the second and third periods...Ch. 12 - How many electrons are involved when two atoms in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 54QAPCh. 12 - Write the simple Lewis structure for each of the...Ch. 12 - Write the simple Lewis structure for each of the...Ch. 12 - Give the total number of valence electrons in each...Ch. 12 - Give the total number of valence electrons in each...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Which of the following species exhibits resonance?...Ch. 12 - The “Chemistry in Focus“ segment Broccoli—Miracle...Ch. 12 - The “Chemistry in Focus" segment Hiding Carbon...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Write a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - What is the geometric structure of the water...Ch. 12 - What is the geometric sanctum of the ammonia...Ch. 12 - What is the geometric structure of the boron...Ch. 12 - What is the geometric structure of the...Ch. 12 - Why is the geometric structure of a molecule...Ch. 12 - Prob. 74QAPCh. 12 - How is the structure around a given atom related...Ch. 12 - Why are all diatomic molecules linear, regardless...Ch. 12 - Although the valence electron pairs in ammonia...Ch. 12 - Although both the BF3and NF3molecules contain the...Ch. 12 - For the indicated atom in each of the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 80QAPCh. 12 - Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular...Ch. 12 - Prob. 82QAPCh. 12 - Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular...Ch. 12 - Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular...Ch. 12 - For each of the following molecules or ions,...Ch. 12 - For each of the following molecules or ion....Ch. 12 - The “Chemistry in Focus" segment Taste—It's the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 88QAPCh. 12 - Prob. 89APCh. 12 - In ionic bonding, the electrons are shared between...Ch. 12 - The geometric arrangement of electron pairs around...Ch. 12 - Prob. 92APCh. 12 - Prob. 93APCh. 12 - Which of the following statements is false...Ch. 12 - Prob. 95APCh. 12 - For each of the following pairs of elements,...Ch. 12 - On the basis of the electronegativity values given...Ch. 12 - Which of the following molecules contain polar...Ch. 12 - Prob. 99APCh. 12 - Prob. 100APCh. 12 - or each of the following bonds, draw a figure...Ch. 12 - Prob. 102APCh. 12 - Prob. 103APCh. 12 - Prob. 104APCh. 12 - hich noble gas has the same electron configuration...Ch. 12 - Prob. 106APCh. 12 - rite the Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 108APCh. 12 - rite a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 110APCh. 12 - rite a Lewis structure for each of the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 112APCh. 12 - hy is the molecular structure of H2Ononlinear,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 114APCh. 12 - sing the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular...Ch. 12 - Prob. 116APCh. 12 - or each of the following molecules, indicate the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 118APCh. 12 - Prob. 119APCh. 12 - Prob. 120APCh. 12 - Prob. 121APCh. 12 - Classify the bonding in each of the following...Ch. 12 - ompare the electronegativities of each pair of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 124CPCh. 12 - rrange the atoms and/or ions in the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 126CPCh. 12 - Prob. 127CPCh. 12 - he formulas of several chemical substances are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 12 - hat does temperature measure? Are the molecules in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3CRCh. 12 - Prob. 4CRCh. 12 - Prob. 5CRCh. 12 - hat is the enthalpy change for a process? Is...Ch. 12 - Prob. 7CRCh. 12 - Prob. 8CRCh. 12 - Prob. 9CRCh. 12 - What is a driving force? Name two common and...Ch. 12 - Prob. 11CRCh. 12 - Methane, CH4, is the major component of natural...Ch. 12 - What is electronegative radiation? Give some...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14CRCh. 12 - Do atoms in excited states emit radiation...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16CRCh. 12 - Schrodinger and de Broglie suggested a...Ch. 12 - Describe the general characteristics of the first...Ch. 12 - Prob. 19CRCh. 12 - Describe the sublevels and orbitals that...Ch. 12 - Describe electron spin. How does electron spin...Ch. 12 - Prob. 22CRCh. 12 - List the order in which the orbitals are filled as...Ch. 12 - Prob. 24CRCh. 12 - Prob. 25CRCh. 12 - Prob. 26CRCh. 12 - What are the representative elements? In what...Ch. 12 - Prob. 28CRCh. 12 - Prob. 29CRCh. 12 - Prob. 30CRCh. 12 - Prob. 31CRCh. 12 - Prob. 32CRCh. 12 - Prob. 33CRCh. 12 - Prob. 34CRCh. 12 - Give evidence that ionic bonds are very strong....Ch. 12 - Prob. 36CRCh. 12 - Prob. 37CRCh. 12 - For three simple molecules of your own choice,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 39CRCh. 12 - Prob. 40CRCh. 12 - Prob. 41CRCh. 12 - Prob. 42CRCh. 12 - Prob. 43CRCh. 12 - Prob. 44CRCh. 12 - Prob. 45CRCh. 12 - Prob. 46CRCh. 12 - Which of the following statements is correct and...Ch. 12 - Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react violently to...
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